[P2P-F] Fwd: Have you heard about Syntropic Agriculture?

[Michel Bauwens]

---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Ryan Fortune <ryan.fortune2012 at gmail.com>
Date: Tue, Aug 21, 2018 at 9:01 AM
Subject: Have you heard about Syntropic Agriculture?
To: <michel at p2pfoundation.net>


Brazilian farmer Ernst Gotsch has formulated a method of farming that works
harmoniously with nature to help fight climate change & feed the world.
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*Have you heard about Syntropic Agriculture? *
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=38dfe43f98&e=83be33d795>
*By Patricia Sendin, architect for 20+ years*
*and founder of Send a City
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=846a83ee44&e=83be33d795>.*

*Blog: Not Only About Architecture
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"There is no such thing as a poor soil," says Ernst Götsch
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=7a5d2cfedd&e=83be33d795>,
a farmer and researcher who for the past 30 years has turned degraded land
in Brazil into highly productive *agroforests
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=5e2b018270&e=83be33d795>*
(trees
and crops) *using no chemical inputs, heavy machinery or irrigation. *

Since Götsch hardly publishes papers, I have traveled to Brazil to learn
first hand how he manages to create net positive ecosystems that produce
food while restoring soils and trapping outstanding amounts of carbon.



*As it happens, his method is nature-inspired, intuitive and easy to
understand; it carries almost no cost and works in all ecosystems. If we
were to leave it to nature to fix climate change and food security, this is
how she would do it. *

*Why does the subject matter?    *
Feeding the world releases 17,000 megatonnes of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere annually (source
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=dc958d3b19&e=83be33d795>)
- 47% of the total global emissions - and still leaves 795 million people -
10% of the global population - chronically malnourished.

The Sustainable Development Goals 2, End Hunger
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=bcdd621f5f&e=83be33d795>,
and 13, Climate Action
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=98c53d0102&e=83be33d795>,
are an inspiring call on how we can help, yet a complete rethink on how we
produce food is desperately needed.

Another important aspect relates to how and where we will live in future.
Despite projections that foresee 70% of the world population living in
urban areas by 2050 (source
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=a7756d7fe5&e=83be33d795>),
most likely the opposite scenario - a migration to the countryside - will
be true, considering the factors below.
------------------------------

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=77e70ab0ed&e=83be33d795>
*Factors contributing to a new urban-to-rural migration trend | by Send a
City
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=bea13cecfa&e=83be33d795>*
------------------------------
But we may also be pushed towards rural living, if the commitment to limit
the temperature increase by 2100 to 2ºC adopted at the COP21 gets
implemented.

According to the Committee on Climate Change
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=6ea3505326&e=83be33d795>
to
achieve this goal the global emissions should peak at 2020 and be halved
(or more) by 2050, which means per capita CO2 emissions in 2050 averaging
around 2 tonnes. This is a reduction of 72% relative to today 7.3 t
CO2e/capita. Mission (or rather *emission*) impossible unless we radically
change the way we live.

According to a study
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=b549665ba3&e=83be33d795>
by
the Federal University of Ceará in Brazil, bigger cities produce more
carbon dioxide per capita than small ones.

"This shouldn't be a surprise," says the research team, "there are many
aspects of cities that scale with population size, such as the number of
jobs, houses and water consumption."

In light of this, if we were to plan the most carbon-efficient community,
it ought to be on the smaller size. But how dense should it be? Here is
where agroforests enter the picture.

If a community were to integrate an agroforestry system, it could offset
part of their CO2 emissions with the CO2 sequestered by its plants.

According to Cooperafloresta
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=adbdd3eb36&e=83be33d795>
Brazil
*(see picture below)* agroforests sequester approximately 10 tonnes of CO2
per hectare per year: 6.6 tCO2/ha/yr from the air and 3.5
tCO2/ha/yr through pruning.

If the per capita emission today is 7,3 t CO2 and the number is smaller in
smaller towns, we could assume a possible per capita CO2 emission in a
small town of 4 tonnes.

Since our emissions allowance will be 2 t CO2e/capita, we'd need to offset
the other 2 tonnes. The 10 tCO2/ha/yr sequestered by an agroforest is
equivalent to the CO2 produced by 5 people/ha (or 500 people/km2) at 2 t
CO2e/capita.

To conclude: *a small town **with a density of 500 people/km2 will meet the
2050 climate action targets by means of incorporating agroforestry, **without
their inhabitants having to shift customs or behaviour*.

Needless to say, however, that the behavioural change will in any case
occur through the practice of agroforestry: people would consume organic,
locally produced food which will further reduce their carbon footprint
(agroforestry produces 40 tonnes of food per hectare per year!).

Agroforestry practised in small, sparsely-populated communities would be a
way to meet the climate targets and could lead to carbon neutral (or carbon
positive) living.

This surely sounds like heresy to urban planners, since it looks like a
return to "urban sprawl", the phenomenon we've been fighting for the past
25 years.

But it won't be comparable since 1) the conditions are very different:
people will work locally and/or remotely, consume less, travel less etc, 2)
compact cities will still exist, and 3) "urban density" is like "fiscal
austerity", in theory a good idea, but in practice not really taking us
where we want to be.
------------------------------

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*Carbon sequestration in agroforests | Study by Cooperafloresta
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=7e17825cc1&e=83be33d795>*
------------------------------

*Syntropic agriculture and the work of Ernst Götsch*

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=1c87f49cd4&e=83be33d795>
*Ernst Götsch at 4th Workshop on Syntropic Agriculture | Photo: Chris Lima*
------------------------------
The eye opener for Ernst Götsch (born in Switzerland, 1948) was a trip to
the tropics in 1976 when he was stunned by the contrast between the poverty
of cultivated lands and the wealth of the bordering tropical rainforest (1).

He found similar wealth resulting from the way small farmers worldwide had
been practising agriculture for over thousand years. They would combine
trees with crops and/or pastures (agroforestry) to achieve an increase in
biodiversity and an improvement of soil fertility, thus leading to a higher
productivity.

Exactly the opposite than conventional agriculture achieves with
monocultures and the use of herbicides, pesticides and mineral fertilisers.

Taking agroforestry as a baseline, Götsch developed by means of trial and
error a system called regenerative analog agroforestry
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=9d0b418050&e=83be33d795>,
known in Brazil for its acronym SAFRA.

This method works with processes rather than inputs and supplements
agroforestry with strategic interventions *(see below)* and the natural
succession of species in a system.

This, according to Götsch, is what ultimately brings a system to thrive and
not the initial quality of the soil or the amount of light it receives (2).

He observed that the natural succession of species is one of the driving
forces of life.

Götsch's research and work keeps unfolding and he now refers to it as syntropic
agriculture
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=c330bd4abc&e=83be33d795>
since
it actually follows the law of syntropy (3), also known as negative
entropy, or the principles that sustain life.

He also defines his work as "a way to create a positive energy balance in
the world by means of unconditional love and cooperation."

His numbers are as impressive as his methodology. He produces in his farm
in Bahia cacao beans so superior in quality that they sell for four times
the market price to Italian Amedei, the best chocolate producer in the
world according to the London Academy of Chocolate, says an article in O
Globo Rural this month (4).

"The quality comes from the ecological balance of the system", Götsch says
in the article. Since his method requires no inputs, Götsch produces his
cacao at zero cost.

He also achieves higher than average yields and his crops are unaffected by
pests.

His best numbers though are in his comparison of the energy efficiency of
nature and technology:
------------------------------

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=aff84251d5&e=83be33d795>
*Energy efficiency comparison of nature and tech | Photo by Chris Lima,
edited by PS*
------------------------------
*"Nature uses for its metabolic processes approx 3% of its capital in order
to achieve a 10 to 15% surplus."*

This means, nature *(green line above)* will always increase its energy
(syntropy) since it produces more than it consumes.

Technology, on the contrary, will always tend towards energy depletion
since to achieve the same surplus of 10%, a combustion engine, for
instance, burns between 70-75% of its fuel energy.

That is, it consumes more than it produces and will always need energy
added to its system (entropy).

*Technology will never lead to abundance, but nature will.*

Götsch's syntropic agriculture mimics nature: it produces its own
fertiliser, creates abundant black soil and nutrients, retains water and
optimizes its circulation.

Notwithstanding the complexity of the system that requires in-depth
knowledge of the local flora, Götsch believes that everyone can be a
practitioner and encourages students to focus on understanding the
processes rather than on the details.

His advice: to experiment with the species and to keep an open heart for
new knowledge to flow in.
------------------------------
*Syntropic Agriculture Practices*
*1. Permanent soil cover*
In agroforestry the ground is covered throughout with organic matter
obtained from weeding, pruning and removing plants. This material placed on
the ground as mulch (chipped or unprocessed) both enriches and protects the
soil. "Efforts are made to recycle and to increase the amount of organic
material produced by the plantation itself" (2) thus doing away with the
need for external fertilisers.

An agroforestry site has on average 4kg of dry organic matter per m2,
constantly decomposing.

This equals to an estimated production of 6-10 kg of mulch /m2/yr with more
than 3 to 5 prunings (5).

The mulch fixes carbon dioxide in the ground, protects the soil from
erosion and preserves water (some vegetable beds hadn't been watered for a
month and a half).

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=81cf6817a6&e=83be33d795>

*Wood chip mulch and small tree branches for the vegetable beds. Hay mulch
between them Photo: Chris Lima*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=2594695e81&e=83be33d795>
*Wood chip mulch decomposes in 6 months*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=3fd349ee81&e=83be33d795>
*Lettuce seedling planted  in wood chip mulch*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=3979b77e84&e=83be33d795>

*Banana tree trunks cut in half over loose soil to avoid erosion and
canalise water in slopes  Photo: Chris Lima*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=d3f6ec7f29&e=83be33d795>
*Broccoli and lettuce seedlings planted in soil between banana trunks*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=b8ec05d733&e=83be33d795>
*Sloping vegetable beds made with banana and acacia mangium tree trunks are
protected from erosion.*
*2. Pruning *
The drastic trimming of branches and trunks done on a regular basis is an
important part of syntropic agriculture. Besides producing the dead
material for the permanent soil cover, strategic pruning rejuvenates
maturing plants and accelerates the rate of growth in the whole system by
increasing the amount of light and nutrients available to the future
generations of plants. It also speeds and directs the organic process of
(plants) succession.

Through pruning, the carbon trapped in the trees goes back to the soil. A
mature agroforest (10-15 years old) has a carbon stock of 48 t/ha (source
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=5c0b0ecdb1&e=83be33d795>
).
------------------------------
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=7d8254e965&e=83be33d795>
*Acacia mangium pruning | Photo Chris Lima*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=71a5f27b27&e=83be33d795>
*Acacia mangium trunks and branches cut to equal size for vegetable beds |
Photo Chris Lima*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=6fcf6275b1&e=83be33d795>
*Smaller acacia mangium branches for vegetable beds borders | Photo Chris
Lima*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=d85f5e6a0e&e=83be33d795>
*Acacia mangium trimmings and foliage used for mulch or processed for wood
chip | Photo Chris Lima*
*#3 Companion planting*
"Living beings of each place and in each situation form consortia in which
each member contributes with its particular capacity to improve and to
optimize its conditions as well as those of the members of its consortium
to grow, prosper and reproduce." (2)

"It appears that the critical factor in determining health and growth rate
of the plants, as well as the productivity rate of the system, is not the
initial quality of the soil, but rather the composition and density of
individuals of the plant community." (2)

Götsch creates consortia of crop species with synergetic potentials that
cooperate with each other.

Maize, for instance, produces more when planted with beans or grass
(brachiaria brizantha); bananas grow healthier with orange trees, pineapple
with manioc.

Despite the complexity of syntropic agriculture consortia, for the purpose
of this workshop, we experimented with simple ones.

We planted 3 to 5 crops, known to thrive together, like tomato, maize and
green beans; maize, pumpkin and rucola; passion fruit, tomato, cucumber and
chayote (*chuchú*).

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=39558948b6&e=83be33d795>
*Tomatoes, maize, banana growing together.*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=049c9193d1&e=83be33d795>
 *3 tomato seeds, 2 green beans and 2 maize, each in a separate hole, are
planted in a handful of soil between tree marigold stem cuttings*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=84536e9d8e&e=83be33d795>
*Sowing layout #1. The grass between beds (called "green" fertiliser) adds
organic matter and nitrogen to the soil; it protects against pests,
preserves humidity and decompacts the soil | Sketch by Send a City
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=1b00d7a1e7&e=83be33d795>*

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=091afd6ac6&e=83be33d795>
*Sowing layout #2 | Photo by Thiago Rips *
------------------------------
*4. Adoption of successional elements*
"Each consortium creates the conditions for a new consortium with a
different composition. Hence, each consortium is determined by the
preceding one and will determine the following one. The different consortia
succeed one another in a dynamic, ongoing process called natural species
succession." (2)


"The order in which crops are planted is important, as most species only
grow vigorously if they enter the flow of species succession in such a way
that they come to dominate and to thrive in the system." (1)

Equally critical for the establishment and development of a plant is the
timing of when it appears.

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=651d82c627&e=83be33d795>
*Natural species succession in agroforests | Snapshot of video
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=9293909311&e=83be33d795>
by Cooperafloresta
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=0ac4466b8f&e=83be33d795>*

The sowing layout #1 (pictured above) paves the way for trees, in this case
açai and cacao, to enter the system at a later stage.

Tree marigold, a bush and a pioneer species, is the first to grow (quickly
and abundantly). In 6 to 8 months it will be drastically cut, its organic
matter left on the floor.

Same will happen with the banana trees and the vegetable plants after their
harvest in the same period of time.

The açai and cacao seeds will then be planted in lieu of the ginger.

This secondary system is expected to grow beautifully.

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=4c77406e70&e=83be33d795>
*40cm long tree marigold stem cuttings, 35cm apart, buried to 2/3*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=10ad674cb8&e=83be33d795>
*Tree marigold (margaridão) grown from stem cuttings in 6 months*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=973e60840c&e=83be33d795>
*The correct way to cut back a banana tree | Photo by Jenner Jon Lopes*
------------------------------


There are many other strategies included in the practice of syntropic
agriculture and some bombshells.

*"Eucalyptus promotes food production", says Götsch challenging the belief
that it depletes the soil. "It produces gibberellic acid, which makes
eucalyptus leaves a top quality mulch, and its roots bring water to the
system rather than sequestering it."  *

Pests are non-existent in syntropic agriculture. Apparently pests go to
weak plants and are therefore to be seen as an indicator of the plant's
health rather than a threat.

The way out is to address the plant's health by strengthening it. Pests
then disappear naturally. Nothing to do though against birds eating crops.
"That's life," says Götsch.

Syntropic agriculture works in temperate climates too. This is the way our
ancestors did things. Just take apples for açai and start the journey.

*About*
4th Workshop on Syntropic Agriculture | Casimiro de Abreu, Rio de Janeiro
25-28 July 2016. Organized by Agenda Gotsch
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=91dde6d1ab&e=83be33d795>,
a non-profit founded by journalists Felipe Pasini and Dayana Andrade to
document and spread Ernst Götsch's work, through documentaries
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=41c17f95eb&e=83be33d795>,
workshops and social media
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=4dd298affe&e=83be33d795>
.
------------------------------

<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=8e327003ba&e=83be33d795>
*4th Workshop on Syntropic Agriculture | Photo by Thiago Rips*
------------------------------
*Notes*
(1) Götsch, Ernst (1992) | Natural Succession of Species in Agroforestry
and in Soil Recovery
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=9548cafa6c&e=83be33d795>,
Pirai do Norte BA, August 1992
(2) Götsch, Ernst (1994) | Breakthrough in Agriculture
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=1388b24b6d&e=83be33d795>,
Pirai do Norte BA, August 1994
(3) Di Corpo, Ulisse (year unknown) | The Conflict Between Entropy and
Syntropy: the Vital Needs Model
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=b7420f5691&e=83be33d795>

(4) Taguchi, Viviane (2016) | Agricultura Sintrópica, SP, August 2016 |
Globo Rural #370: Editora Globo
(5) Cooperafloresta (2016) | Pesquisas ajudam a comprovar benefícios das
agroflorestas
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=86e0425ab8&e=83be33d795>
|
Divulgador de Noticias, 6 Aug 2016

*Articles on agroforestry*
"A revoluç
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=8248830545&e=83be33d795>ão
na floresta"
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=64f0334a93&e=83be33d795>
|
Super Interessante, July 2016
"Life in syntropy: breaking the paradign of modern agriculture?"
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=ad29ae82c8&e=83be33d795>
|
Natural capital, 24 Feb 2016
"Ernst Gotsch e a agrofloresta: como produzir com a logica da abundância"
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=d317f223b6&e=83be33d795>
|
Namu, 08 March 2016

*Further reading  *
Di Corpo, Ulisse & Vannini, Antonella (2009) | An Introduction to Syntropy
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=1c22459510&e=83be33d795>

Di Corpo, Ulisse (2013) | Life Energy, Syntropy, Complementarity and
Ressonance
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=8105cc80ed&e=83be33d795>

Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (2008) | Manual Agroflorestal para a
Mata Atlântica
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=c5df267a80&e=83be33d795>,
Brasilia, Oct 2008
Steenbock, Walter & Machado Vezzani, Fabiane (2013) | Agrofloresta:
aprendendo a produzir com a natureza
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=8ba0aa069d&e=83be33d795>,
Curitiba 2013
Vaz, Patricia (2000) | Regenerative Agroforestry in Brazil
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=38bf9e10ef&e=83be33d795>,
Piracicaba
SP, September 2000 | Ileia Newsletter: Ileia Foundation
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=2c0c3921d7&e=83be33d795>


*Pictures by* PS unless otherwise stated. Cover photo by Natureza Fotos
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=6c959840f5&e=83be33d795>

*Heat Shang-hai heatwave forces people into the streets
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=c38508e516&e=83be33d795>*
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=994e2d3cd5&e=83be33d795>

*Alarm 2018 is Shaping Up to Be the Fourth-Hottest Year. Yet We're Still
Not Prepared for Global Warming
<https://facebook.us8.list-manage.com/track/click?u=4c039247ad2f92d6e7fcef312&id=346059754d&e=83be33d795>*


-- 
Check out the Commons Transition Plan here at: http://commonstransition.org


P2P Foundation: http://p2pfoundation.net  - http://blog.p2pfoundation.net

<http://lists.ourproject.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/p2p-foundation>Updates:
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#82 on the (En)Rich list: http://enrichlist.org/the-complete-list/
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