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To help ensure accuracy, thermographers should be trained to at least
Level II and, when possible, work with an experienced mentor until they
have gained sufficient field experience. Because radiometer calibration
is not user-adjustable, it will be necessary to return it to the
manufacturer should you find your instrument is out of spec.
Temperatures taken at the bellhousing were especially useful for fan
cooled motors since this area was unaffected by convective cooling from
the fan. Thermal image shows hotspots caused by internal coke deposits.
This allows higher levels of high frequency harmonic currents to pass
through them.
However, harmonic currents can often expedite the loosening of breaker
connections at both line and load sides. Any time a thermographer
notices the neutral terminal of a transformer heating up, it is likely
that severe harmonic conditions exist.
Lastly, one should be aware that neither temperature nor voltage drop
measurements can predict time of failure for any electrical component.
Tubes are often remotely located from inspection ports and are
frequently obscured by visually opaque flames.
Discretion and careful engineering must be used when oversizing
conductors to avoid exceeding the allowable range of conductor sizes for
equipment terminal lugs. This often disrupts the operation of sensitive
electronic equipment and may require an isolated ground receptacle.
Because of this, it is normal to see greater energy loss at corners when
compared to a properly insulated wall cavity.
Three-phase three-wire distribution systems only experience positive and
negative sequence harmonic currents under a steady-state condition.
Unless condensation occurs between the lites, failed IGUs are difficult
to detect; however, they may be readily detected using a thermal imager
under the proper conditions. One common neutral conductor, for three
single-phase branch circuits, may be subjected to excessive current when
non-sinusoidal loads exist. These power supplies are efficient, small,
lightweight and low cost. Loose connections are frequently found at
terminals, lugs, fuse clips and splices.
Traditionally, thermographers periodically send their equipment to the
manufacturer for calibration.
Thermal image shows hotspots caused by internal coke deposits.
This is simply described as a flattening or distortion of the AC sine
wave at its peaks. Infrared radiometers must be within calibration in
order to accurately measure temperatures. Observed thermal patterns will
reverse should the same inspection scenario exist with warm outdoor
temperatures.
While many have suggested measuring the motor casing along the stator,
this method does not work well for motors that are fan cooled or exposed
to external air currents.
For some IGUs, most of the air is removed to further reduce convection
and conduction through the finished IGU.
Many recent articles have suggested oversizing transformers to account
for increased heating and load losses as a solution to harmonic heating.
Under this design scheme, the neutral conductor carries only the minimal
current imbalance from the three single-phase loads.
A domain name not only represents your online identity, it can seriously
influence the success of marketing a company and its products and
services. Further power quality analysis proved that the overheated
motor was in fact being caused by negative sequence harmonics.
This will compensate for positive and negative sequence harmonic
currents. Measuring motor temperature is often a challenge since
electric motors differ widely in their design and construction. Observed
thermal patterns will reverse should the same inspection scenario exist
with warm outdoor temperatures. However, harmonic currents and voltages
produced by single-phase, non-linear loads that are typically connected
phase to neutral are what is known as third order, zero sequence
harmonics. Zero sequence harmonic currents, also commonly called triplen
harmonics in much of the research material I used, are most often
represented as phasors that are in phase with each other.
Under normal conditions, neutrals should not be heating up in these
types of panel boards. Corners are a common construction detail found
within building walls that utilize frame construction. A domain name not
only represents your online identity, it can seriously influence the
success of marketing a company and its products and services. Measuring
motor temperature is often a challenge since electric motors differ
widely in their design and construction. In general, Shop Rule will
always apply unless there is a written agreement to the contrary.
When performing an infrared inspection of framed walls from the interior
of a building with cold outdoor temperatures, corners will typically
appear cooler than insulated wall cavities.
With this Tip, we offer some advice for driving in winter conditions.
There has been much controversy when it comes to specifying transformers
for circuits known to have non-linear harmonic loads. To perform this
test, a digital voltmeter is used to measure voltage across the subject
connection with the circuit energized and under load.
At severe levels of harmonic currents, the neutral currents may exceed
the phase currents. Thermal image shows normal thermal pattern.
For some IGUs, most of the air is removed to further reduce convection
and conduction through the finished IGU.
This often disrupts the operation of sensitive electronic equipment and
may require an isolated ground receptacle. As an alternative, savvy
thermographers can check the calibration of their instrument quickly and
easily using some commonly available items. This is where the
thermographer begins to become valuable to help detect destructive
harmonics.
Overheating of tubes can reduce operational life or lead to catastrophic
failure. The size of both targets must exceed the spot measurement size
of the instrument being calibrated. One method of avoiding three-phase
equipment conductor overheating to dangerous and damaging temperatures
is to de-rate the phase conductors.
Thermographers who wish to retain ownership should address this issue
prior to the commencement of any work. These conditions confirm the
existence of a third-order, zero sequence problem. However, at present,
no imaging radiometer stores temperature data in a format that is
readable by a Mac. The reason for this is that no single-phase path for
zero sequence harmonic currents exists in a three-phase three-wire
system. This can get tricky if your company name is long or contains
characters such as hyphens.
This can get tricky if your company name is long or contains characters
such as hyphens.
As mentioned earlier, harmonics in the modern workplace are going to
exist, but if properly controlled and managed they are not damaging,
destructive or dangerous.
