[P2P-F] Fwd: Weekend Roundup: Democracy divides Turkey’s two souls

Wed Jul 4 17:04:38 CEST 2018

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: The WorldPost <news at theworldpost.com>
Date: Sat, Jun 30, 2018 at 1:01 PM
Subject: Weekend Roundup: Democracy divides Turkey’s two souls
To: michel at p2pfoundation.net

Democratic culture has become "us vs. them."
Weekend Roundup: Democracy divides Turkey’s two souls
Democratic culture has become "us vs. them."

Nathan Gardels, Editor in Chief
Visit the WorldPost at http://www.theworldpost.com
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The democratic election in Turkey this week has divided the nation.
(WorldPost illustration)
If further proof were needed that majoritarian democracy is not a friend of
liberal values, the election in Turkey this week provides it. President
Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s march toward autocracy was affirmed by nearly 53
percent of the vote for his continuing role as an all-powerful president.
His Islamist Justice and Development Party (AKP) will once again dominate
parliament, now in a coalition with nationalist, anti-Kurdish allies. The
other half of society, which mobilized to defeat the turn away from liberal
constitutionalism, has essentially been disenfranchised even though they
voted.

It seems the return of the repressed from Turkey’s military-enforced
secular past keeps on returning at the polls. Today, majoritarian democracy
has traded places with the role once played by authoritarian military rule.

“There have been so many authoritarian politicians over the years trying to
impose one soul on Turkey, one way of life or mode of being,” Nobel
laureate Orhan Pamuk
<http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001RZsgs9_9DD_ELyUzuXZOh-YSO6CMBnTIpfiwuKbmXSjNW8CuxOOOstzC920g6ntDfIqX4qsmW1urHMBo9Zw5dkaJb5wQEfxL9uuokCMtrBcbME9bPxMB9kuG3jCnSROgr9PJsE96zIU4Gou83R-qIXJ48SFRjrB_p_oK2X7KR1Tmz-Q6x36zX5uILAyUsNR-NaxjZtskLOM=&c=5x4Mx3g3ZMeOfnf1Yb3vecI9TdP2HUxUX0YVmV2GwC4UW5ItgfTHuQ==&ch=BXnRg_idTsLfoDNQjzJxa9iE8UlQmDHMZr0_vCy1vDUQ46JSfXuBtg==>
told
me in 2005, not long after his novel “Snow” was published. “Some wanted to
impose Western secularism by military means; some wanted Turkey to be
eternally traditional and Islamic. This approach destroyed democracy in
Turkey. It was responsible for the coups in the 1980s.”

At that time, as Turkey still sought to join liberal Europe while
consigning the military to its barracks, Pamuk expressed hope in the
country’s fledgling democracy. “To have two souls is a good thing,” he
said. “That is the way people really are. We have to understand that, just
like a person, a country can have two souls. These souls are continuously
in dialogue with each other, sparring with each other and changing each
other. To have democracy is precisely to have this dialogue between these
two souls.”

It turns out that democracy itself has now ruptured that dialogue.

In an interview with The WorldPost this week, Turkish novelist Elif Shafak
<http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001RZsgs9_9DD_ELyUzuXZOh-YSO6CMBnTIpfiwuKbmXSjNW8CuxOOOstzC920g6ntDbQ_R8ZdvpCkWYQ-zeyv1Gv4t2w2UsaxWNEMnCO5ez2w-GfVZfU9D4pGhfno0x8RNqktHQ-PXKYeCI55AKxYnkC3EXnmT7TAkgwWNoDUoohDOKWk3gi-wvYBiToJjz87aan1ZOxOkTEhaPreUTq0JH88szDnSG3R9-U100oBeeMkKct5LQxw2TmiQbHPhkF--k_MYyovMYPyCuveR5Ksgcw==&c=5x4Mx3g3ZMeOfnf1Yb3vecI9TdP2HUxUX0YVmV2GwC4UW5ItgfTHuQ==&ch=BXnRg_idTsLfoDNQjzJxa9iE8UlQmDHMZr0_vCy1vDUQ46JSfXuBtg==>
places
the election in a historical context and assesses what it means going
forward. “Turkey, just like Russia, comes from a ‘strong state’ tradition,”
she says. “This goes all the way back to the Ottoman Empire. In a strong
state country, the state is always prioritized at the expense of individual
freedoms and civil society, and it is easier for the political elite to
willingly confuse ‘democracy’ with ‘majoritarianism.’”

In reality, she continues, these are quite different. “For a democracy to
exist and survive, you need more than the ballot box. You need rule of law,
separation of powers, free and diverse media, independent academia, women’s
rights, minority rights and freedom of speech. In Turkey, all of these
components are damaged or broken after 16 years of the increasingly
authoritarian rule of the AKP. How then can we call this a democracy? It is
not. Once majoritarianism had been consolidated, it was a very swift fall
from there into authoritarianism.”

Shafak concludes: “It is a dark tunnel that my motherland has entered with
this election.”

Suat Kiniklioglu
<http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001RZsgs9_9DD_ELyUzuXZOh-YSO6CMBnTIpfiwuKbmXSjNW8CuxOOOstzC920g6ntDQeDTjfEYUFQOZ60JKixHNMWQqbg4SN-88YCT8RlyJZUTDuuo_HpaYYpgLlFQW6y4ItE44re6ohw6p4B877JNzkmu04Ngnk3oElnSNJ-6YrAq1m7JkUxuRFd2X9UpQ_REfyiTEu5xEM-WUpZGOPyY-ZqawlWzlhxRsRK9UY8H08sOCgUHQLvftJeyHHr6rLoS6PMqFvy8ZMQ=&c=5x4Mx3g3ZMeOfnf1Yb3vecI9TdP2HUxUX0YVmV2GwC4UW5ItgfTHuQ==&ch=BXnRg_idTsLfoDNQjzJxa9iE8UlQmDHMZr0_vCy1vDUQ46JSfXuBtg==>
sees
a permanent polarization consolidated by majority rule displacing civil
sparring between souls. “This election has once again underlined how
culturally and politically divided Turkey is,” he says. “The country is
split down the middle like an apple, with half of the country for Erdogan
and the other against him. Tension around crucial issues such as
secularism, education and freedom of expression will continue to strain
society.”

The advantage in this ongoing battle resides decisively with Erdogan’s
majority. “Erdogan now has all the levers of political power at his
disposal: absolute control over the legislative body, the judiciary and, of
course, the executive office,” writes Omer Taspinar
<http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001RZsgs9_9DD_ELyUzuXZOh-YSO6CMBnTIpfiwuKbmXSjNW8CuxOOOstzC920g6ntD6Ycdn9IHzFwpVDCaVa2sQ00mYbwaIkLGt9YZIvDdX7fdmnuRNK4wQ1Je7eR6Ls-zyKm6PfPYv2C1Jx3DyO3ct0TabjyLLh4zJ6paZvA-sgoFShjdkR5RRAdtKCOMMjYQ8JI6tC2ytpwzVxwxB3C4fAzWeGmTNHNTkfiUZSUc9QB9BXQOIXP_2PhZg4KnWEbxXw-edWlvjVQ=&c=5x4Mx3g3ZMeOfnf1Yb3vecI9TdP2HUxUX0YVmV2GwC4UW5ItgfTHuQ==&ch=BXnRg_idTsLfoDNQjzJxa9iE8UlQmDHMZr0_vCy1vDUQ46JSfXuBtg==>.
“Power has not been so centralized and personalized in the hands of one man
since Mustafa Kemal Ataturk founded the republic in 1923.”

As for the opposition that lost yet another election to Erdogan’s majority,
faith in democratic competition is waning. “Hope is a dangerous feeling in
politics because it exacerbates frustrations. But hope is also what makes
democracies function,” Taspinar warns. “Every election is a new hope for
contenders. But when your hopes are repeatedly crushed, you lose faith in
politics. Even worse, you lose faith in the legitimacy of the system. I am
afraid this is the point we are perilously approaching in today’s Turkey.”

For Taspinar, the already fragile dialogue between secularism and Islam has
been broken by an overweening nationalism in line with other populist
revolts across the democracies. “The real victor of these elections is not
Erdogan but an angry Turkish nationalism with all its anti-American,
anti-Kurdish and anti-Europe characteristics,” he concludes. “What we are
witnessing in Erdogan’s Turkey is not an Islamic revolution. It is an
alarmingly big step toward nationalist fascism.”

The threat to liberal values comes not only from governments but also from
social movements, as another Nobel novelist, Mario Vargas Llosa
<http://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001RZsgs9_9DD_ELyUzuXZOh-YSO6CMBnTIpfiwuKbmXSjNW8CuxOOOstzC920g6ntDjVk1yqX9dp2H1P57J5vX5wh1ay1Hfrui5Tyu0keL8dqzUBgQyR2F0p57S23LK4hj9s_UeK7qPQM6niA3lQDhLw6l9bpH9lwbrDkuC89tGY4uwWzG7HNYeY_PLGkT25e7VXXFAHfhsOnWM0Nq4F3hEzA2iGhAvyc8asp_WP3k3a5vRn0vdRfLYjPDycYfJj26rTkut_ZOwWjcw-5Jb5itoA==&c=5x4Mx3g3ZMeOfnf1Yb3vecI9TdP2HUxUX0YVmV2GwC4UW5ItgfTHuQ==&ch=BXnRg_idTsLfoDNQjzJxa9iE8UlQmDHMZr0_vCy1vDUQ46JSfXuBtg==>,
alludes to in an interview titled “Reading ‘Lolita’ in the #MeToo era.”

“Recently we have had a big debate in Spain when a group of feminists
attacked Nabokov’s ‘Lolita,’ which I think is one of the greatest
20th century novels,” he recounts. “They attacked it because they claim the
main character is a pedophile. With this criterion, literature will
disappear. It is grotesque! If you respect literature, you must accept not
only the very idealist, altruist vision of human beings but also the
infernal vision of them.”

Vargas Llosa continued: “Georges Bataille said that in human beings, there
are angels and devils. Sometimes the angels are important, but for
literature, devils are important too. Literature is a testimony of what we
want to hide in the real word. This is the raison d’être of literature. You
cannot attack literature for our vices and prejudices and stupidities. I
think this is very important because I am convinced that the feminist
movement’s voice should be heard, but I don’t accept this idea of
censorship for literature or for culture in general.”

There is a truth in all this that bears pointing out. Democracy by majority
rule is not a novel. If novelists faithful to reality, like Pamuk or Vargas
Llosa, are compelled to chronicle the whole of human experience — its many
souls with characters both saints and devils — democratic culture these
days has become the opposite. It is about dividing that experience into “us
versus them.”
Nathan Gardels
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Kathleen Miles
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