A_ flowed under its walls. The advantages of irrigation to the country, through which it passed, were nothing compared to the expense of its construction. [39] Literally, "the supreme camp or market." [40] A Persian expression. [41] _Shah 'Alam_ the emperor of _Dilli_, was then towards _Patna_ a tool in the hands of _Shuja'u-d-Daula, the Nawwab_ of _Lakhnau, and Kasim 'Ala Khan, the Nawwab_ of _Murshid-abad._ [42] Alluding to the confusion which reigned in _Upper Hindustan_ after the assassination of _'Alamgir_ the Second, and the flight of _Shah 'Alam. Upper Hindustan_ was then in a sad plight, ravaged alternately by the _Abdalis_, the _Marhattas_, and the _Jats_--the king a pageant, the nobles rebellious, the subjects plundered and oppressed, and the country open to every invader--though this was near 100 years ago, and although they had some government, justice, and security from 1782 to 1802, yet the country had not even then recovered from the severe shock. [43] The word is used in the singular, both by _Mir Amman_ and the original author, _Amir Khusru_ according to a well-known rule in Persian syntax, viz., "a substantive accompanied by a numerical adjective dispenses with the plural termination," as "_haft roz_," "seven days," not "_haft rozha_. The Persian term _darwesh_, in a general sense, denotes a person who has adopted what by extreme courtesy is called a religious life, closely akin to the "mendicant friar" of the middle ages; i.e., a lazy, dirty, hypocrital vagabond, living upon the credulous public. The corresponding term in Arabic is _Fakir_; and in _Hindi_, _Jogi_. [44] The word _Rum_ means that empire of which Constantinople is the capital, and sometimes called, in modern times, Romania. It was originally applied to the Eastern Roman Empire, and, at present, it denotes Turkey in Europe and Asia. [45] _Naushirwan_ was a king of Persia, who died in A.D. 578. He is celebrated in oriental history for his wisdom and justice. During his reign _Muhammad_ the prophet was born. The Persian writings are full of anecdotes of _Naushirwan's_ justice and wisdom. [46] _Hatim_ or rather _Hatim Tai_, is the name of an Arab chief, who is celebrated for his generosity and his mad adventures, in an elegant Persian work called _Kissae Hatim Tai_. This work was translated into En