https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory " As Haidt and his collaborators worked within the social intuitionist approach, they began to devote attention to the sources of the intuitions that they believed underlay moral judgments. In a 2004 article published in the journal *Daedalus <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus_%28journal%29>*,[1] <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt2004-1> Haidt and Joseph surveyed works on the roots of morality, including the work of Frans de Waal <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_de_Waal>, Donald Brown <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brown_%28anthropologist%29> and Shweder, as well as Alan Fiske <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fiske> 's relational models theory <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_models_theory>[18] <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Fiske1992-18> and Shalom Schwartz <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Schwartz>'s theory of basic human values <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_basic_human_values>.[19] <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Schwartz1992-19> From their review of these earlier lines of research, they suggested that all individuals possess four "intuitive ethics", stemming from the process of human evolution <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution> as responses to adaptive challenges.[1] <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt2004-1> They labelled these four ethics as suffering, hierarchy, reciprocity, and purity. Invoking the notion of preparedness <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness_%28learning%29>, Haidt and Joseph claimed that each of the ethics formed a cognitive module <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_module>, whose development was shaped by culture.[1] <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt2004-1> [20] <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt&Joesph2007-20> They wrote that each module could "provide little more than flashes of affect when certain patterns are encountered in the social world", while a cultural learning process shaped each individual's response to these flashes. Morality diverges because different cultures utilize the four "building blocks" provided by the modules differently.[1] <https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt2004-1> "