http://northampton.academia.edu/TimCurtis/Papers/108687/The_Cultural_Shift_R... pdf *Academic research outcomes from the* *Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship,* *Saïd Business School, University of Oxford* // I can go along their definition except for thee "takes no risk" Ashoka relates to "entredonneur" - perhaps one may want to understand how they define risk - *11:‘Entredonneur’* * * The fieldwork identified a series of individuals who seem key to the process of creating a social enterprise but who never actually start or work for the enterprise themselves. They generally, but not always, work in the public sector, acting on behalf of emerging social enterprises, brokering relationships between other key players and decision-makers, providing and making links to information and other resources, but never ‘taking the credit’ for the resulting enterprise, either in terms of respect, return on effort or even being employed by the enterprise. Sometimes, the activity they undertake is their job, perhaps in economic development, but often not. In Ashoka’s sense of a social entrepreneur, these people “recognise when a part of society is stuck and to provide new ways to get it unstuck” but do so without taking the personal risk of pay or job security. These were initially dubbed ‘extra’-preneur’ by the research team in order to explain their external status but were renamed the more etymologically correct ‘entredonneur’17. However, they are different from Johnsson and Haag’s (1987:65) extrapreneur in that, in this circumstance, the extrapreneur does not leave the parent organisation but there is a clear commonality of mission – the extrapreneur addresses “new or previously unsatisfactorily met needs of proposed customers”. Although our extrapreneurs do not necessarily “come from departments with severe competition with other employers for personnel” a common factor is the “highly developed products, special orders, ... highly specialised use” services and products developed in response to customer-specific knowledge (1987:66) /////////////////////// Entrepreneur means literally ‘takes from between’’ from the French word ‘prendre’-to take, whereas ‘donneur’ refers to giving. The only known use of this term is Wood Wood, J. (1990). “COMMENT: The Socially Responsible Designer.” Design Magazine(July) http://attainable-utopias.org/tiki/EntreDonneur