<div dir="auto"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory</a> <div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><p style="padding-bottom:0.5em;margin:0.5em 0px 0px;font-size:16px;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:-apple-system,blinkmacsystemfont,"segoe ui",roboto,inter,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">" As Haidt and his collaborators worked within the social intuitionist approach, they began to devote attention to the sources of the intuitions that they believed underlay moral judgments. In a 2004 article published in the journal <i><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedalus_%28journal%29" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">Daedalus</a></i>,<sup style="line-height:1;font-size:0.75em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt2004-1" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">[1]</a></sup> Haidt and Joseph surveyed works on the roots of morality, including the work of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_de_Waal" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">Frans de Waal</a>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Brown_%28anthropologist%29" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">Donald Brown</a> and Shweder, as well as <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fiske" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">Alan Fiske</a>'s <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_models_theory" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">relational models theory</a><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:0.75em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Fiske1992-18" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">[18]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Schwartz" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">Shalom Schwartz</a>'s <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_basic_human_values" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">theory of basic human values</a>.<sup style="line-height:1;font-size:0.75em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Schwartz1992-19" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">[19]</a></sup> From their review of these earlier lines of research, they suggested that all individuals possess four "intuitive ethics", stemming from the process of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">human evolution</a> as responses to adaptive challenges.<sup style="line-height:1;font-size:0.75em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt2004-1" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">[1]</a></sup> They labelled these four ethics as suffering, hierarchy, reciprocity, and purity.</p><p style="padding-bottom:0.5em;margin:0.5em 0px 0px;font-size:16px;color:rgb(32,33,34);font-family:-apple-system,blinkmacsystemfont,"segoe ui",roboto,inter,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">Invoking the notion of <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preparedness_%28learning%29" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">preparedness</a>, Haidt and Joseph claimed that each of the ethics formed a <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_module" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">cognitive module</a>, whose development was shaped by culture.<sup style="line-height:1;font-size:0.75em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt2004-1" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">[1]</a></sup><sup style="line-height:1;font-size:0.75em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt&Joesph2007-20" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">[20]</a></sup> They wrote that each module could "provide little more than flashes of affect when certain patterns are encountered in the social world", while a cultural learning process shaped each individual's response to these flashes. Morality diverges because different cultures utilize the four "building blocks" provided by the modules differently.<sup style="line-height:1;font-size:0.75em"><a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory#cite_note-Haidt2004-1" style="border-radius:2px;text-decoration-line:none">[1]</a></sup>  "</p></div></div>