<div dir="ltr">what do people think of this narrative ?<div><br><div class="gmail_quote">---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>From: <b class="gmail_sendername">r kanth</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:involutegandhian@gmail.com">involutegandhian@gmail.com</a>></span><br>Date: Mon, Jul 16, 2018 at 11:39 PM<br>Subject: Fwd: The West<br>To: Michel Bauwens <<a href="mailto:michelsub2004@gmail.com">michelsub2004@gmail.com</a>><br><br><br><div dir="ltr"><br><div class="gmail_quote"><br><div dir="ltr"><div><div class="m_-4137062779862087644m_6089429171815047209gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size:12.8px"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size:12.8px"><br></div></div><div style="font-size:12.8px;margin:2px 0px 0px"><div><img src="https://ssl.gstatic.com/ui/v1/icons/mail/images/cleardot.gif">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span> <wbr> <wbr>
</span>The West<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i><span> <wbr> <wbr>
</span>A View from Without*<span> <wbr> </span></i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt 0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<i>Europeans has been , for centuries, a ruthless, aggressive <span> </span>Empire, leastways as viewed by many of its<span> </span>Non-European subjects: Can<span> </span>such Empires<span>
</span>do good? It’s possible: but virtues achieved via vicious means may not
be perceived/received <span> </span>as such by its
victims;<span> </span>much like slaves, who might
baulk, at being asked to consider<span> </span>benign
aspects -if any- of Slavery. <span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt 0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>More
importantly,<span> </span>the glories of European
achievements are all too well eulogized<span>
</span>by Europhiles, and fill libraries upon libraries, the subject matter of <span> </span>legend and lore;<span> </span>less so, criticisms of this kind, whence I
feel <span> </span>no compulsion to be ‘balanced’ in
what I say. This is,<span> </span>unabashedly, a Critique:
<span> </span>but<span>
</span>a verifiable one; neither specious, <span> </span>nor casuistic. <span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt 0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>And
why do I articulate it? As in the <span> </span>current, highly visible, struggles against
racism and sexism, the historical <span> </span>iniquities
of Empire and Colonialism must be kept in focus: lest we forget. Of course, as
a ‘Gandhian’ ( at least , in some regards) , forgiveness for such sins<span> </span>is assumed, here, <span> </span>as an article of faith, ipso facto: the tale being
told with reason, not rancor.</i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>
</span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For at least four centuries, the world has lived/struggled
under the European heel/harrow.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The latter <span> </span>did not
streak ahead of the former by virtue of its prowess in <i>any field</i> , but one:<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>War.<span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">And <i>genocide</i>, wherever/whenever
it was meet.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The primary, if not sole, motivation was - in summary
abbreviation - <span> </span><i>commerce</i>.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>It is so still:</i>
with<i> finance</i> and <i>war </i>the only <span> </span>really robust, active
agencies , today, <span> </span>within the NATO ambit.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amongst the European tribes – yes, <i>tribes: </i>it’s not just Africans and Native Americans who were tribal
–the Anglo Normans pulled head of others (notably France and Spain and the
Dutch: later, Germany, Italy, <i>et. al.)</i>
, again largely <span> </span>by virtue of their <i>martial </i>superiority.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At least in the first instance , this<span> </span><i>intra-Euro</i>
superiority <span> </span>of the Anglo-Normans did <i>not</i> stem from <i>technology</i>: naval technologies were , arguably, broadly similar
between France , Spain , and England.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But, rather , I venture, from sheer <i>valor</i> , (<i>i.e., </i><span> </span>readiness to die, take improbable risks, <span> </span>for King and Country) , irrepressible
aggressiveness, and<span> </span>dogged, superhuman <span> </span>persistence against, <span> </span>often , impossible odds.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unfathomable <i>Heroism</i>,
even of the idiot kind (<i>vide</i> ‘The Charge
of the Light Brigade’) was a sort of a <i>cachet.</i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A<span> </span>taste, nay <i>zeal,</i> <span> </span>for war, one might say,<span> </span>unequalled by any - <span> </span>other than <span> </span>a few <span> </span>martial tribes of North West of India, no less
valiant, violent, and aggressive.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lands , labors, minerals, and ideas/techniques were, <span> </span>thereby, willy-nilly, <span> </span>extracted/appropriated wherever/whenever
possible: with resisting natives decimated <span> </span>without ruth, or compunction.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pirates and plunderers, in short.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>Via</i> such lofty
means/ mechanisms, Europe, the <i>poorest ,
least endowed of the continents</i> (<i>
imp. caveat</i>: <i><span> </span>Europe is NOT a continent,</i> but rather a <i>sub-continent</i> like India) <span> </span>amassed the enormous ‘wealth’ ( <i>as <span> </span>defined/understood
<span> </span>within<span>
</span>an EM calculus, that is)</i> <span> </span>it
has now.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Now it is easy to see why the empires of India and China did
not go about pillaging the <span> </span>rest of the world.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They had resource blessings in abundance <i>within their <span> </span><span> </span>own bounds,</i>
so much so that <span> </span>in <span> </span>the 17<sup>th</sup> century India and
China<span> </span>accounted , perhaps, for about 50%
of world’s <span> </span>GDP.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India (<i>i.e.,</i> its <span> </span>various <i>empires,</i><span> </span>in aggregate terms) <span> </span>was <i>fabulously</i>
wealthy: and <span> </span>China was thriving.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>Which is why <span> </span>Europe –<span>
</span>with its chronic poverty/dearth of resources , specially specie - made a
bee-line for it</i>, like Senor Columbus,<span>
</span>buccaneer, pirate, and mass-murderer: to catastrophic effect. <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In less than two centuries <span> </span><span> </span><i>of outright marauding</i>, <span> </span>the region<span>
</span>of India , home to amongst <span> </span>the
oldest <i>continuous</i> civilisations (
preceding Greece by thousands of years) <span> </span>on the planet, <span> </span>was reduced to its <span> </span>beggarly ‘third world status’ , when the Brits
<span> </span>finally left , mid-century, after making
their <span> </span>due<span> </span>, if quite forgettable, ‘contribution’ to the
sub-continent.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>Needless to add , the
enrichment of Europe was related to the imposed destitution of the Non-European
world.<span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arguably, ancient India, long before<span> </span>the European (so-called) ‘Enlightenment’, <span> </span>made<span>
</span>contributions to <span> </span>arts, science<span> </span>and<span>
</span>philosophy not merely comparable to <span> </span>pre-Enlightenment Europe , but <span> </span>ineffably <span> </span>superior, and far, far prior.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yes, <span> </span>to<span> </span>note, purely <span> </span><i>en
passant</i>, <span> </span>but two indices, they had <span> </span>something close to flushing toilets in <span> </span>ancient Mohen Jo Daro: and calculus was
invented not by Messrs. Newton and Leibniz, <span> </span>but in India (Kerala), <span> </span>from whence it travelled , unacknowledged , as
<span> </span>usual, to Europe (<i>btw I use ‘India’ to refer to the original <span> </span>civilization that inhabited the sub-continent,
<span> </span>not to the modern(ist) political entity
that bears that name today</i>), centuries later.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No , they won’t teach <span> </span>that <span> </span>bit of trivia (!) in most of the European
world, <span> </span>even in academe, like <span> </span>so much else.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>It doesn’t fit the
narrative <span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In much the he same way, <span> </span>Hegel described Africa, of his time, as at the
very <span> </span>‘infancy’ of human history
incapable of civilization: in effect denying that Egypt was a Black , Nubian , civilisation
, a denial that racist Europe maintained late into the 20<sup>th</sup> century.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At any rate, most European languages ‘derive’ from Sanskrit,
and the dominant ‘Christian’ ideational prepossession<span> </span>of Europe today <span> </span>- real or phony - also hails from India: <i>Christianity , arguably, is an offshoot of Classical
Buddhism,</i> whose <span> </span>mighty philosophical
sweep extended from the Mediterranean to Japan, <span> </span>in its heyday .<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of course, Europe swiftly <span> </span>‘<i>modernized’</i>
classical Christianity (after its ‘enlightenment’<i>) <span> </span>via</i> the so-called ‘Reformation’
, to make <span> </span>it ‘fit’ its zeal for <i>capital accumulation</i> (by repealing <span> </span>various restrictions placed <span> </span>upon it by <span> </span>the Catholic <span> </span>church, as, <i>e.g.,</i> <span> </span>in Canon Law).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Interestingly, <i>no
major (or minor) religion ever evolved within Europe</i>, unless <span> </span>a heartfelt <i>Mammon worship <span> </span></i>is ascribed
that status.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I happen to think that significant.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Once launched ,<span> </span>and
stabilized,<span> </span><span> </span>18<sup>th</sup> century on, commerce and
industry , within European empires, expanded <span> </span>(after their<span>
</span>own native, peasant populations<span>
</span>were suitably dispossessed) <i>via </i>technical
and commercial innovations , even as more<span>
</span>conventional expropriations<span> </span>from
its colonies continued, enhanced ( as <span> </span>to
this day)<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The Anglo-Normans pulled ahead of Europe <span> </span>in <span> </span>productive and military technologies, until
their German cousins( eventually to be <span> </span>,
if only grudgingly acknowledged , world leaders, in such areas ) caught up ,
and surpassed them, by the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, <span> </span>much to their chagrin.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The so-called ‘World’ Wars were no more than <i>European Wars of Empire</i>, <span> </span>that dragged in the ‘world’ (Japan was the
only <i>Non</i>-European empire to be so <span> </span>involved, much like Ottoman Turkey, long prior).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This, of course, <span> </span>is an
imminent <span> </span>possibility even now.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">War is , and has ever <span> </span>been, to European rulers both an <span> </span>important amphetamine and <span> </span>aphrodisiac, aside from being the lead activity/sector
<span> </span>for generations.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indeed, <span> </span>I would
venture, <i>if they had their will</i>, <span> </span>NATO would have branch offices in New Delhi,
Beijing , Seoul, and Tokyo.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The origin of European <i>Racism
-</i><span> </span>the clear scourge of our <span> </span>times - lay <span> </span>simply in their relatively facile domination
of the world for centuries ( a casual review<span>
</span>of ancient Greeks - as<span> </span>the great
Martin Bernal notes - <span> </span>who had much
interaction with Eastern ideas , does not betray any overtly<span> </span><i>racist </i>ideology
of superiority).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After all, <span> </span>if you
have subdued the peoples of this world , <span> </span>at nominal cost/effort , the belief may follow,<span> </span>like the US, <span> </span>in ‘manifest destiny’: <span> </span>or, like Europe (and not merely amongst Nazis)
,<span> </span>in <span> </span>a ‘master race’ of ‘supermen’.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of course, <span> </span>the ‘cure’
for such pretensions <span> </span>is the <span> </span>turn of history itself: by any reckoning,
China, India, <span> </span>and Russia (perhaps in
that order) are the emergent <span> </span>‘super
powers’ of the future(again using Western indices).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">And they will <span> </span>indubitably
tone down <span> </span>any and all <span> </span>fantasies <span> </span>of white supremacy <span> </span>- like Trump’s boast of making the US ‘great’
again -not by any direct action, <span> </span>but by
their very (countervailing) presence.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>Thus does ambition check
ambition, and diamond(s) cut diamond(s).<span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So, <span> </span><i>Euro-Racism</i> will , over time, succumb,
harmlessly,<span> </span>to<span> </span>the <span> </span>rank of petty chauvinisms that characterize(d)
most so-called <span> </span>‘developed’ societies on
this planet.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Genocide, also, will, as such, <span> </span>will/might <span> </span>gradually recede from history.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So, <span> </span>can we <span> </span>then conclude that all’s headed to the good
here, despite the manifest<span> </span>iniquities of
our times?<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I fear not.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In fact, far from it.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The EM legacy is now wantonly embraced by the entire <span> </span>world (including China, India , and Russia).,<i> via</i> generations <span> </span>of overt regime change, <span> </span>clandestine subversion, and <span> </span>endless propaganda.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Whence we may well<span>
</span>have the same game on, as we do <span> </span>at this time : <span> </span><i>of <span> </span>continuing, <span> </span>untrammeled , societal and ecological
destruction -</i> <span> </span>albeit, <span> </span>with <span> </span>brand new players.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As a <i>curiosum,</i> this
was an outcome <span> </span>at least partially- if
not <span> </span>entirely correctly - <span> </span>foreseen by Marx in his final years (of a ‘socialist’
Europe undermined by an emergent , <span> </span>‘capitalist’
Asia).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>In effect, we are all
Europeans (i.e., EuroModernists) now.<span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Doubtless, <span> </span>as the <i>ancient regime gradually </i><span> </span>slips, <span> </span>in its <span> </span>economic <span> </span>and political reach , it will turn to a
hypertrophic enhancement of its <i>military </i>capability,
a <span> </span>fact already visible in our times.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Faltering <span> </span>dragons may
be more aggressive than normal ones.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But it will not prevail:<i>
save in <span> </span>the <span> </span>intent <span> </span>(if any) to blow up a <span> </span>world it can no longer rule.</i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Will it?<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Remains to be seen.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thomas Jefferson wrote, with unusual compunction, <span> </span>in a relatively more circumscribed <span> </span>era: <span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">‘<i>when I consider <span> </span>there is a just god in heaven, <span> </span><span> </span>I
tremble for the fate <span> </span>of <span> </span>my country</i>’.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of course: If he merely <i>trembled
</i>then, might he not <span> </span>be <i>shuddering</i> now?<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I wonder.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>
</span>R<span> </span>E<span> </span>F<span>
</span>E<span> </span>R<span> </span>E<span>
</span>N<span> </span>C<span> </span>E<span> </span>S<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kanth, R.<span> </span><i>Breaking with the Enlightenment</i>, NJ:
Humanities Press, 1997<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______<span> </span><i>Farewell to Modernism</i>, NY: Peter Lang,
2017<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span style="font-size:9pt;line-height:107%">[©R.Kanth
2018] <span></span></span></b></p>
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