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<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 17/07/2018 09:08, Michel Bauwens
wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAK_2xi+FjOUeCbRs9K40166eqF9w=UPKEQ=VXm=2Zkty8CDjQg@mail.gmail.com">
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<div dir="ltr">what do people think of this narrative ?</div>
</blockquote>
It seems to me a welcome re-balancing of the stories many of us grew
up with.<br>
Denis<br>
<blockquote type="cite"
cite="mid:CAK_2xi+FjOUeCbRs9K40166eqF9w=UPKEQ=VXm=2Zkty8CDjQg@mail.gmail.com">
<div dir="ltr">
<div><br>
<div class="gmail_quote">---------- Forwarded message
----------<br>
From: <b class="gmail_sendername">r kanth</b> <span
dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:involutegandhian@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">involutegandhian@gmail.com</a>></span><br>
Date: Mon, Jul 16, 2018 at 11:39 PM<br>
Subject: Fwd: The West<br>
To: Michel Bauwens <<a
href="mailto:michelsub2004@gmail.com"
moz-do-not-send="true">michelsub2004@gmail.com</a>><br>
<br>
<br>
<div dir="ltr"><br>
<div class="gmail_quote"><br>
<div dir="ltr">
<div>
<div
class="m_-4137062779862087644m_6089429171815047209gmail_signature"
data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div dir="ltr">
<div style="font-size:12.8px">
<div dir="ltr" style="font-size:12.8px"><br>
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px;margin:2px 0px
0px">
<div><img
src="https://ssl.gstatic.com/ui/v1/icons/mail/images/cleardot.gif"
moz-do-not-send="true">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span> <wbr> <wbr>
</span>The West<span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i><span> <wbr> <wbr>
</span>A View from Without*<span> <wbr>
</span></i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in 8pt
0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<i>Europeans
has been , for centuries, a
ruthless, aggressive <span> </span>Empire,
leastways as viewed by many of its<span>
</span>Non-European subjects: Can<span>
</span>such Empires<span>
</span>do good? It’s possible: but
virtues achieved via vicious means
may not
be perceived/received <span> </span>as
such by its
victims;<span> </span>much like
slaves, who might
baulk, at being asked to consider<span>
</span>benign
aspects -if any- of Slavery. <span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in 8pt
0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>More
importantly,<span> </span>the
glories of European
achievements are all too well
eulogized<span>
</span>by Europhiles, and fill
libraries upon libraries, the
subject matter of <span> </span>legend
and lore;<span> </span>less so,
criticisms of this kind, whence I
feel <span> </span>no compulsion to
be ‘balanced’ in
what I say. This is,<span> </span>unabashedly,
a Critique:
<span> </span>but<span>
</span>a verifiable one; neither
specious, <span> </span>nor
casuistic. <span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in 8pt
0.5in;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>And
why do I articulate it? As in the <span> </span>current,
highly visible, struggles against
racism and sexism, the historical <span> </span>iniquities
of Empire and Colonialism must be
kept in focus: lest we forget. Of
course, as
a ‘Gandhian’ ( at least , in some
regards) , forgiveness for such sins<span>
</span>is assumed, here, <span> </span>as
an article of faith, ipso facto: the
tale being
told with reason, not rancor.</i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>
</span><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For
at least four centuries, the world has
lived/struggled
under the European heel/harrow.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
latter <span> </span>did not
streak ahead of the former by virtue
of its prowess in <i>any field</i> ,
but one:<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>War.<span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">And
<i>genocide</i>, wherever/whenever
it was meet.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
primary, if not sole, motivation was -
in summary
abbreviation - <span> </span><i>commerce</i>.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>It
is so still:</i>
with<i> finance</i> and <i>war </i>the
only <span> </span>really robust,
active
agencies , today, <span> </span>within
the NATO ambit.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Amongst
the European tribes – yes, <i>tribes:
</i>it’s not just Africans and Native
Americans who were tribal
–the Anglo Normans pulled head of
others (notably France and Spain and
the
Dutch: later, Germany, Italy, <i>et.
al.)</i>
, again largely <span> </span>by
virtue of their <i>martial </i>superiority.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At
least in the first instance , this<span>
</span><i>intra-Euro</i>
superiority <span> </span>of the
Anglo-Normans did <i>not</i> stem
from <i>technology</i>: naval
technologies were , arguably, broadly
similar
between France , Spain , and England.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But,
rather , I venture, from sheer <i>valor</i>
, (<i>i.e., </i><span> </span>readiness
to die, take improbable risks, <span> </span>for
King and Country) , irrepressible
aggressiveness, and<span> </span>dogged,
superhuman <span> </span>persistence
against, <span> </span>often ,
impossible odds.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Unfathomable
<i>Heroism</i>,
even of the idiot kind (<i>vide</i>
‘The Charge
of the Light Brigade’) was a sort of a
<i>cachet.</i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">A<span>
</span>taste, nay <i>zeal,</i> <span> </span>for
war, one might say,<span> </span>unequalled
by any - <span> </span>other than <span> </span>a
few <span> </span>martial tribes of
North West of India, no less
valiant, violent, and aggressive.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Lands
, labors, minerals, and
ideas/techniques were, <span> </span>thereby,
willy-nilly, <span> </span>extracted/appropriated
wherever/whenever
possible: with resisting natives
decimated <span> </span>without ruth,
or compunction.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Pirates
and plunderers, in short.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>Via</i>
such lofty
means/ mechanisms, Europe, the <i>poorest
,
least endowed of the continents</i>
(<i>
imp. caveat</i>: <i><span> </span>Europe
is NOT a continent,</i> but rather a
<i>sub-continent</i> like India) <span> </span>amassed
the enormous ‘wealth’ ( <i>as <span> </span>defined/understood
<span> </span>within<span>
</span>an EM calculus, that is)</i>
<span> </span>it
has now.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Now
it is easy to see why the empires of
India and China did
not go about pillaging the <span> </span>rest
of the world.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">They
had resource blessings in abundance <i>within
their <span> </span><span> </span>own
bounds,</i>
so much so that <span> </span>in <span> </span>the
17<sup>th</sup> century India and
China<span> </span>accounted ,
perhaps, for about 50%
of world’s <span> </span>GDP.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">India
(<i>i.e.,</i> its <span> </span>various
<i>empires,</i><span> </span>in
aggregate terms) <span> </span>was <i>fabulously</i>
wealthy: and <span> </span>China was
thriving.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>Which
is why <span> </span>Europe –<span>
</span>with its chronic
poverty/dearth of resources ,
specially specie - made a
bee-line for it</i>, like Senor
Columbus,<span>
</span>buccaneer, pirate, and
mass-murderer: to catastrophic effect.
<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In
less than two centuries <span> </span><span> </span><i>of
outright marauding</i>, <span> </span>the
region<span>
</span>of India , home to amongst <span> </span>the
oldest <i>continuous</i>
civilisations (
preceding Greece by thousands of
years) <span> </span>on the planet, <span> </span>was
reduced to its <span> </span>beggarly
‘third world status’ , when the Brits
<span> </span>finally left ,
mid-century, after making
their <span> </span>due<span> </span>,
if quite forgettable, ‘contribution’
to the
sub-continent.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>Needless
to add , the
enrichment of Europe was related to
the imposed destitution of the
Non-European
world.<span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Arguably,
ancient India, long before<span> </span>the
European (so-called) ‘Enlightenment’,
<span> </span>made<span>
</span>contributions to <span> </span>arts,
science<span> </span>and<span>
</span>philosophy not merely
comparable to <span> </span>pre-Enlightenment
Europe , but <span> </span>ineffably
<span> </span>superior, and far, far
prior.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Yes,
<span> </span>to<span> </span>note,
purely <span> </span><i>en
passant</i>, <span> </span>but two
indices, they had <span> </span>something
close to flushing toilets in <span> </span>ancient
Mohen Jo Daro: and calculus was
invented not by Messrs. Newton and
Leibniz, <span> </span>but in India
(Kerala), <span> </span>from whence
it travelled , unacknowledged , as
<span> </span>usual, to Europe (<i>btw
I use ‘India’ to refer to the
original <span> </span>civilization
that inhabited the sub-continent,
<span> </span>not to the modern(ist)
political entity
that bears that name today</i>),
centuries later.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No
, they won’t teach <span> </span>that
<span> </span>bit of trivia (!) in
most of the European
world, <span> </span>even in academe,
like <span> </span>so much else.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>It
doesn’t fit the
narrative <span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In
much the he same way, <span> </span>Hegel
described Africa, of his time, as at
the
very <span> </span>‘infancy’ of human
history
incapable of civilization: in effect
denying that Egypt was a Black ,
Nubian , civilisation
, a denial that racist Europe
maintained late into the 20<sup>th</sup>
century.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">At
any rate, most European languages
‘derive’ from Sanskrit,
and the dominant ‘Christian’
ideational prepossession<span> </span>of
Europe today <span> </span>- real or
phony - also hails from India: <i>Christianity
, arguably, is an offshoot of
Classical
Buddhism,</i> whose <span> </span>mighty
philosophical
sweep extended from the Mediterranean
to Japan, <span> </span>in its heyday
.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of
course, Europe swiftly <span> </span>‘<i>modernized’</i>
classical Christianity (after its
‘enlightenment’<i>) <span> </span>via</i>
the so-called ‘Reformation’
, to make <span> </span>it ‘fit’ its
zeal for <i>capital accumulation</i>
(by repealing <span> </span>various
restrictions placed <span> </span>upon
it by <span> </span>the Catholic <span> </span>church,
as, <i>e.g.,</i> <span> </span>in
Canon Law).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Interestingly,
<i>no
major (or minor) religion ever
evolved within Europe</i>, unless <span> </span>a
heartfelt <i>Mammon worship <span> </span></i>is
ascribed
that status.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I
happen to think that significant.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Once
launched ,<span> </span>and
stabilized,<span> </span><span> </span>18<sup>th</sup>
century on, commerce and
industry , within European empires,
expanded <span> </span>(after their<span>
</span>own native, peasant populations<span>
</span>were suitably dispossessed) <i>via
</i>technical
and commercial innovations , even as
more<span>
</span>conventional expropriations<span>
</span>from
its colonies continued, enhanced ( as
<span> </span>to
this day)<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
Anglo-Normans pulled ahead of Europe <span> </span>in
<span> </span>productive and military
technologies, until
their German cousins( eventually to be
<span> </span>,
if only grudgingly acknowledged ,
world leaders, in such areas ) caught
up ,
and surpassed them, by the end of the
19<sup>th</sup> century, <span> </span>much
to their chagrin.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
so-called ‘World’ Wars were no more
than <i>European Wars of Empire</i>,
<span> </span>that dragged in the
‘world’ (Japan was the
only <i>Non</i>-European empire to be
so <span> </span>involved, much like
Ottoman Turkey, long prior).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This,
of course, <span> </span>is an
imminent <span> </span>possibility
even now.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">War
is , and has ever <span> </span>been,
to European rulers both an <span> </span>important
amphetamine and <span> </span>aphrodisiac,
aside from being the lead
activity/sector
<span> </span>for generations.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indeed,
<span> </span>I would
venture, <i>if they had their will</i>,
<span> </span>NATO would have branch
offices in New Delhi,
Beijing , Seoul, and Tokyo.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
origin of European <i>Racism
-</i><span> </span>the clear
scourge of our <span> </span>times -
lay <span> </span>simply in their
relatively facile domination
of the world for centuries ( a casual
review<span>
</span>of ancient Greeks - as<span> </span>the
great
Martin Bernal notes - <span> </span>who
had much
interaction with Eastern ideas , does
not betray any overtly<span> </span><i>racist
</i>ideology
of superiority).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">After
all, <span> </span>if you
have subdued the peoples of this world
, <span> </span>at nominal
cost/effort , the belief may follow,<span>
</span>like the US, <span> </span>in
‘manifest destiny’: <span> </span>or,
like Europe (and not merely amongst
Nazis)
,<span> </span>in <span> </span>a
‘master race’ of ‘supermen’.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of
course, <span> </span>the ‘cure’
for such pretensions <span> </span>is
the <span> </span>turn of history
itself: by any reckoning,
China, India, <span> </span>and
Russia (perhaps in
that order) are the emergent <span> </span>‘super
powers’ of the future(again using
Western indices).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">And
they will <span> </span>indubitably
tone down <span> </span>any and all <span> </span>fantasies
<span> </span>of white supremacy <span> </span>-
like Trump’s boast of making the US
‘great’
again -not by any direct action, <span> </span>but
by
their very (countervailing) presence.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>Thus
does ambition check
ambition, and diamond(s) cut
diamond(s).<span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So,
<span> </span><i>Euro-Racism</i> will
, over time, succumb,
harmlessly,<span> </span>to<span>
</span>the <span> </span>rank of
petty chauvinisms that characterize(d)
most so-called <span> </span>‘developed’
societies on
this planet.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Genocide,
also, will, as such, <span> </span>will/might
<span> </span>gradually recede from
history.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">*<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So,
<span> </span>can we <span> </span>then
conclude that all’s headed to the good
here, despite the manifest<span> </span>iniquities
of
our times?<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">No.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I
fear not.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In
fact, far from it.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The
EM legacy is now wantonly embraced by
the entire <span> </span>world
(including China, India , and
Russia).,<i> via</i> generations <span> </span>of
overt regime change, <span> </span>clandestine
subversion, and <span> </span>endless
propaganda.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Whence
we may well<span>
</span>have the same game on, as we do
<span> </span>at this time : <span> </span><i>of
<span> </span>continuing, <span> </span>untrammeled
, societal and ecological
destruction -</i> <span> </span>albeit,
<span> </span>with <span> </span>brand
new players.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As
a <i>curiosum,</i> this
was an outcome <span> </span>at least
partially- if
not <span> </span>entirely correctly
- <span> </span>foreseen by Marx in
his final years (of a ‘socialist’
Europe undermined by an emergent , <span> </span>‘capitalist’
Asia).<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><i>In
effect, we are all
Europeans (i.e., EuroModernists)
now.<span></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Doubtless,
<span> </span>as the <i>ancient
regime gradually </i><span> </span>slips,
<span> </span>in its <span> </span>economic
<span> </span>and political reach , it
will turn to a
hypertrophic enhancement of its <i>military
</i>capability,
a <span> </span>fact already visible
in our times.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Faltering
<span> </span>dragons may
be more aggressive than normal ones.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But
it will not prevail:<i>
save in <span> </span>the <span> </span>intent
<span> </span>(if any) to blow up a
<span> </span>world it can no longer
rule.</i><span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Will
it?<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Remains
to be seen.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Thomas
Jefferson wrote, with unusual
compunction, <span> </span>in a
relatively more circumscribed <span> </span>era:
<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">‘<i>when
I consider <span> </span>there is a
just god in heaven, <span> </span><span> </span>I
tremble for the fate <span> </span>of
<span> </span>my country</i>’.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Of
course: If he merely <i>trembled
</i>then, might he not <span> </span>be
<i>shuddering</i> now?<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I
wonder.<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span>
</span>R<span> </span>E<span> </span>F<span>
</span>E<span> </span>R<span> </span>E<span>
</span>N<span> </span>C<span> </span>E<span>
</span>S<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Kanth,
R.<span> </span><i>Breaking with the
Enlightenment</i>, NJ:
Humanities Press, 1997<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">_______<span>
</span><i>Farewell to Modernism</i>,
NY: Peter Lang,
2017<span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in
0in
8pt;line-height:107%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b><span
style="font-size:9pt;line-height:107%">[©R.Kanth
2018] <span></span></span></b></p>
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