<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_extra"><div class="gmail_quote"><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Thanks for your reply,<br></blockquote><div><br></div><div>I think both are true, i.e. Lula composed in many ways with neoliberal realities, and its extrativist logic, but at the same time, realized significant redistribution effects,</div><div><br></div><div>to the degree he was successfull, he had enormous support from the urban poor, which started diminishing when the compromises (and the objective situation) became such, that post-lula governments started delivering less and less,</div><div><br></div><div>but from what I saw during my 3 long trips in brazil, he was overwhelmingly popular with the urban poor, and what killed the PT was their increasing passivity,</div><div><br></div><div>the resistance to Lula and PT did not come from the urban poor, but from the middle classes, with some exceptions there were no massive anti-lula movements from the poor and working class</div><div><br></div><div>Michel</div><div><br></div><div> </div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
Date: Tue, 17 Apr 2018 10:57:34 +0300<br>
From: Theodoros Karyotis <<a href="mailto:tkaryotis@gmail.com">tkaryotis@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: P2P Foundation mailing list <<a href="mailto:p2p-foundation@lists.ourproject.org">p2p-foundation@lists.<wbr>ourproject.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [P2P-F] Fwd: Lula for beginners - Pablo Gentili (English,<br>
French and Arabic)<br>
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<br>
I could not possibly justify Lula's persecution by the reactionary new<br>
government, but the above text seems quite unbalanced.<br>
<br>
According to Raul Zibechi's book "The New Brazil: Regional Imperialism and<br>
the New Democracy" (a very thoroughly researched and documented book, which<br>
I recommend: <a href="https://www.akpress.org/newbrazil.html" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.akpress.org/<wbr>newbrazil.html</a>), Lula continued and<br>
expanded the imperialist policies of Brazil in Latin America, pushing<br>
aggressively neoliberal restructuring, unnecessary mega-infrastrustructure<br>
(through the Brazilian Development Bank), commodifying and extractivist<br>
policies and military intervention throughout the region. Like China,<br>
Brazil is in constant need of economic expansion to appease its population<br>
and prevent social collapse. The poor's welfare was not based on a fairer<br>
redistribution, but on imperialist expansion and capitalist restructuring.<br>
If we take what Zibechi says at face value, Brazil's "economic miracle" is<br>
not any different than that of China, the USA, or any other aggressively<br>
capitalist country.<br>
<br>
This is not to justify the right-wing coup d'etat, however let's not forget<br>
that Lula's policies were fiercely resisted by the indigenous and the urban<br>
poor.<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<a href="http://autonomias.net" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">autonomias.net</a><br>
<a href="http://twitter.com/TebeoTeo" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">twitter.com/TebeoTeo</a><br>
------------------------------<wbr>------------------------------<wbr>------------------------------<wbr>-------------------------<br>
...buscar y saber reconocer quién y qué, en medio del infierno, no es<br>
infierno, y hacer que dure, y dejarle espacio...<br>
<br>
On 16 April 2018 at 23:14, Michel Bauwens <<a href="mailto:michel@p2pfoundation.net">michel@p2pfoundation.net</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
> excellent text on the role of Lula,<br>
><br>
> Michel<br>
><br>
> ---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>
> From: Pablo Gentili - CLACSO <<a href="mailto:pgentili@clacso.edu.ar">pgentili@clacso.edu.ar</a>><br>
> Date: Mon, Apr 16, 2018 at 5:51 PM<br>
> Subject: Lula for beginners - Pablo Gentili (English, French and Arabic)<br>
> To:<br>
><br>
><br>
> Dear<br>
> friends,<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> I send you below and in annex the brief article "*Lula for beginners*",<br>
> which was published a few days ago in the Argentine newspaper *Página 12*.<br>
><br>
> The text was translated into English<br>
> <br>
> and Portuguese and published in various media. A colleague friend has<br>
> translated it into Arabic<br>
> and French<br>
> . I also send them in the annex.<br>
><br>
> *The article can be published freely. If you think it's worth it, I thank<br>
> you very much for disseminating it.*<br>
><br>
> A warm greeting,<br>
><br>
><br>
> Pablo Gentili<br>
> CLACSO<br>
><br>
><br>
> ----------------<br>
><br>
> Lula for beginners<br>
> A parallel between Brazil's history and the story of its most charismatic<br>
> leader<br>
> 09 April 2018<br>
> Article<br>
><br>
> The forces that shaped modern Brazil made the rise of a figure such as<br>
> Lula da Silva all but inevitable. Conditions in Brazil today mean his<br>
> imprisonment is certainly not the end of this chapter in the nation's<br>
> story. Pablo Gentili, Executive Secretary of the Latin American Council of<br>
> Social Sciences (CLACSO), analyses the parallel between Brazil's history<br>
> and the story of its most charismatic leader.<br>
><br>
><br>
> Authors<br>
> Pablo Gentili <<a href="https://www.tni.org/en/profile/pablo-gentili" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.tni.org/en/<wbr>profile/pablo-gentili</a>><br>
><br>
> [image: Lula, Ricardo Stuckert (CLACSO)]<br>
> Lula, Ricardo Stuckert / Photo credit CLACSO<br>
><br>
><br>
> “Brazil is not for beginners,” Tom Jobim asserted with his ruthless poetic<br>
> style.<br>
><br>
> Attempting to understand a country such as Brazil requires an immense<br>
> capacity for sociological imagination. Today’s Brazil retains the<br>
> historical marks that shaped its social genesis. Brazil is reliving the<br>
> past, day after day, in the arrogance of the elites, the persistence of<br>
> structures of slavery, and the systematic disregard for democracy and the<br>
> rights of most of its inhabitants, who have been transformed into aliens<br>
> within a nation and without a homeland.<br>
><br>
> Brazil's history has been shaped by brute force and garlanded with<br>
> indulgent narratives that have attempted to explain the unexplainable. In<br>
> short, even if nothing works, *Dios y la alegría son brasileños* (God and<br>
> joyfulness are Brazilians): What more could anybody ask for?<br>
><br>
> Brazil is a country whose independence was proclaimed by a prince, the son<br>
> of the king of Portugal, who declared himself “constitutional Emperor” and<br>
> perpetual defender of the nation. It is an independent country that was<br>
> born as an empire--an empire that remains today ruled by its owners.<br>
><br>
> Thus, democracy has been an exceptionality in Brazilian history. Lacking<br>
> political and social democracy, Brazil invented so-called “racial<br>
> democracy”, a doctrinaire fiction that could have served to build the<br>
> pretence of an egalitarian society, but which became the myth that conceals<br>
> an institutional racism that transforms millions of humans beings into<br>
> subjects of disdain and exclusion. In the nation with the world’s<br>
> second-largest black population, history is written by whites, power and<br>
> wealth are amassed by whites, and opportunities are always seized by<br>
> whites. The white population, composed of those who live indifferent to<br>
> violence and the segregation of many silenced, invisible, and abandoned<br>
> citizens: the poor, the black, the peasant, the indigenous, the raped women<br>
> and girls, the homeless, the landless, the people without names and without<br>
> rights.<br>
><br>
> Brazil is a continental country with a history plagued by coups and<br>
> plagued with lies. When in 1964 the military overthrew João Goulart, a<br>
> democratically elected president, they promised to restore constitutional<br>
> order in just one day. The regime remained in power for 21 years. The first<br>
> editorial of O Globo (Brazil’s main daily paper) after the coup proclaimed<br>
> a “resurgent democracy.”<br>
><br>
> And democracy re-emerged, indeed, but only two decades later and based on<br>
> legislation that demanded collective forgetting of and impunity for<br>
> military crimes. No one would be judged. No one convicted. Power was<br>
> delegated, without any popular vote, to an indirectly elected president who<br>
> died before taking office, thus transferring the mandate to an<br>
> expressionless and grey landowner who was also a mediocre poet and the<br>
> feudal heir to one of the country’s most impoverished regions. Democracy<br>
> wanted to resurface, but could not.<br>
><br>
> The first presidential elections since 1960 would be held only in 1989.<br>
> For almost 30 years Brazil had just managed to live on the margins of<br>
> representative democracy. The elites, however, claimed that the period of<br>
> dictatorial exception was a true economic “miracle”, by which a nation able<br>
> to grow more than 30 percent in just one year could be transformed at the<br>
> same time into one of the most unjust and unequal societies on the planet.<br>
> The rupture<br>
><br>
> Brazilian history since the 1990s is more or less common knowledge. First,<br>
> Fernando Collor defeated Lula in a presidential election with support from<br>
> the Rede Globo media conglomerate. Collor was impeached and removed, and<br>
> Itamar Franco assumed as president, who did almost nothing in office,<br>
> although he was good-natured (and liked to be photographed beside young<br>
> women without underwear, which made many think he was a good president).<br>
> Itamar was succeeded by the prince of sociologists, Fernando Henrique<br>
> Cardoso, who also defeated Lula and demanded that those who knew his<br>
> academic past forget everything he had written before being elected. In<br>
> 1998, Lula was again defeated by Fernando Henrique, who, besides pushing<br>
> forward a plan for privatisations, never reversed, and in some cases<br>
> worsened, the already deteriorating living conditions of the poor. During<br>
> his two terms, poverty grew or remained stable. By 2002 31,8 percent of the<br>
> population lived in poverty. That year, Lula finally won the presidential<br>
> election.<br>
><br>
> The decline of the Cardoso government meant the exhaustion, or at least<br>
> the profound deterioration, of a model of accumulation and domination that<br>
> had prevailed since the democratic transition. Despite the crisis of the<br>
> regime, Brazil’s elites hoped that Lula would not mean a threat to their<br>
> corrupt and selfish interests. They had reasons for such hope. Lula, a<br>
> former metalworker leader, had written a letter to the Brazilian people in<br>
> which he promised not to threaten the wealth and properties of the rich,<br>
> but to develop instead a programme of social inclusion that would be<br>
> beneficial for the whole country. The elites believed Lula’s pledge either<br>
> because they had no other choice or because they thought that they finally<br>
> had defeated him. We may never know, but we do know that the former leader<br>
> of the metalworkers’ union was true to his word and developed an<br>
> unprecedented programme of social reforms, with exceptional results.<br>
><br>
> Poverty dropped significantly, falling by 73 percent in 12 years.<br>
> So-called chronic poverty fell from almost ten to one percent. Income<br>
> levels increased across all social sectors. The income of the richest grew<br>
> 23 percent, while for the poorest, the increase was 84 percent. Brazil<br>
> ceased to be included in the humiliating Map of Hunger published by the<br>
> Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), expanding<br>
> opportunities and welfare conditions hitherto unimaginable for the<br>
> country's poorest sectors.<br>
><br>
> But the great social, educational and economic indicators, and ultimately<br>
> the excellent social performance of his government, was not what endowed<br>
> Lula with immense recognition and approval. What transformed him into a<br>
> real myth, leading to a sort of personality cult and great popular<br>
> admiration, was the founding nature that his mandate had acquired. The poor<br>
> might not interpret social or economic conditions with the theoretical<br>
> tools and the cryptic data used by intellectuals, but they are not less<br>
> subtle or insightful when it comes to understanding their own social<br>
> reality.<br>
><br>
> The poor know, for instance, that income has to do with their abilities<br>
> and welfare opportunities. Thus, they operationalise such knowledge based<br>
> on very specific indicators. For example, having access to more and better<br>
> educational levels, accessing credit that would allow them to buy a house<br>
> or basic consumer goods, have electricity, sanitation, drinking water and –<br>
> when they exaggerate their welfare aspirations – travel to visit their<br>
> loved ones by plane.<br>
><br>
> All this, which constitutes an inventory of basic rights and opportunities<br>
> in any modern republic, had never been accessible to millions of<br>
> Brazilians. Lula's government, and subsequently Dilma Rousseff, his<br>
> successor, offered for the first time an effective opportunity for<br>
> self-recognition as citizens to a huge contingent of people who had been<br>
> despised, discarded and humiliated by the elites that pretended to ignore<br>
> their existence as subjects of rights, or simply as human beings with<br>
> unsatisfied basic needs.<br>
><br>
> Lula came to repair such historic injustice and he did it with a huge<br>
> capacity for management and the exercise of strong political leadership,<br>
> bot inside and outside the country.<br>
><br>
> Lula's overwhelming strength took the indolent and ignorant elites by<br>
> surprise. They had assumed that a metalworker with no university education<br>
> would fail in his efforts to direct the destiny of the tenth economic power<br>
> on the planet.<br>
><br>
> Within a decade, Lula and Dilma reduced the housing deficit that affected<br>
> the poorer sectors of the population by 53 percent . They built more than<br>
> 1,700,000 dignified housing units, universalised access to electricity (in<br>
> a country with immense inequality in the provision of energy services),<br>
> significantly increased the percentage of households with access to water,<br>
> doubled the number of university students, and built more universities and<br>
> technical schools than ever before in the history of the country until<br>
> 2002. All these policies were the result of putting the poor at the centre<br>
> of the national budgetary priorities, especially benefiting rural people,<br>
> women, youth, the indigenous and black population.<br>
><br>
> If one tries to understand Brazil from the perspective of an Argentine<br>
> analyst, even taking into account huge differences and historical<br>
> specificities, one could say that the role assumed by Lula can be better<br>
> compared to that of Juan Domingo Perón in the 1940s, rather than the role<br>
> played by Néstor Kirchner in the decade that followed the crisis of 2001.<br>
> President Kirchner assumed an exceptional responsibility in undertaking the<br>
> foundation of a republic built on pillars of equality, human rights and<br>
> social justice. He did it with a great capacity for public management,<br>
> governing a country in ruins, but taking as a reference an idea and a<br>
> historical trajectory (Perón’s project) that he believed should be<br>
> recovered or refounded.<br>
><br>
> But Lula is different. Lula is a founder. He is the great democratic<br>
> architect of a Brazil that never existed.<br>
><br>
> For us, Argentines, the powerful and forceful slogan that states that "the<br>
> homeland is the other" (“*la patria es el **otro*”) is the emotional<br>
> synthesis of a decade of achievements that we have conquered collectively;<br>
> a synthesis that acquires a sense and a referentiality in a common past<br>
> that vividly embodies the need to build a new present. It is a past that is<br>
> projected and mirrored in the great democratic leaders of our national<br>
> history (Hipólito Yrigoyen, Juan Domingo Perón, Evita Perón, Héctor<br>
> Campora, Raúl Alfonsín), as well as in the victims of the dictatorship and<br>
> in our heroic mothers and grandmothers (*Madres and Abuelas de Plaza de<br>
> Mayo*). It is the possible future that faces a real past.<br>
> Later…<br>
><br>
> Brazil did not have the same past as Argentina or anything comparable to<br>
> it. Only half a century later than Argentina, Brazil fulfilled the mandate<br>
> often assigned to popular governments in Latin America: to install, build<br>
> and defend a republican, modernising and democratic order, against the<br>
> predatory barbarism imposed by backwards-looking elites who seem nostalgic<br>
> for the Middle Ages.<br>
><br>
> Lula founded a republican Brazil. He is a leader who is unwilling to<br>
> accept that there cannot be room for everyone in a country of equals and a<br>
> leader who, openly and without hypocritical remorse, is not afraid to<br>
> declare his confident that everyone can live better, that the poor should<br>
> eat well, live well, send their children to universities, and own the<br>
> houses in which they live. Lula has no aspirations to become another<br>
> fashionable hippie preaching against consumerism. He knows that the poor<br>
> are essential players in realising the possibility of a dignified life,<br>
> beyond simple false promises.<br>
><br>
> Why did Judge Sérgio Moro imprison Lula Moro without any proof other than<br>
> his personal conviction? Because it has been the strategy that the<br>
> (unproductive and predatory) financial powers, the great communicational<br>
> monopoly that is the Globo Network, and conservative political sectors<br>
> (including former President Fernando Henrique Cardoso) have found to end<br>
> what they believe is an unacceptable precedent that would challenge that<br>
> selfish and petty Brazil structured around privileges rooted in the<br>
> country’s history. They do not accept Lula’s return to power. They believed<br>
> that the coup against Dilma Rousseff would sink him forever. They were<br>
> wrong. Now they believe that by imprisoning him he will be silenced. They<br>
> are wrong, again.<br>
><br>
> They want to put an end to the stubborn and persistent metallurgist union<br>
> leader who seems to be never willing to surrender and hand over the weapons<br>
> of dignity, trust in politics and confidence in the value of popular<br>
> mobilisations. But they also want to kill all the Lulas to come. They want<br>
> to end what they see as a fatal virus against their privileges and corrupt<br>
> impunity: the possibility that many may think that if a metalworker without<br>
> formal schooling, a poor migrant from the impoverished Northeast region,<br>
> could govern the country, others like him might also do so.<br>
><br>
> They are imprisoning Lula, but they imprison an idea. They seek to<br>
> imprison the future. They will fail. There will be no jail space for the<br>
> multitude of free men and women, who continue to struggle to build a future<br>
> that belongs to them, that nobody can take away<br>
> <br>
> .<br>
><br>
><br>
> *Pablo Gentili* is executive secretary of the Latin American Council of<br>
> Social Sciences, CLACSO, and professor at the State University of Rio de<br>
> Janeiro, UERJ.<br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
> --<br>
><br>
> *Pablo Gentili*<br>
> Secretario Ejecutivo, CLACSO<br>
> (+5411) 4304-9145 / 4304-9505<br>
> Twitter: @_CLACSO<br>
> Facebook: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/CLACSO.Oficial/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">www.facebook.com/CLACSO.<wbr>Oficial/</a><br>
> Twitter: @pablogentili<br>
> Facebook: <a href="http://www.facebook.com/contrapuntos.elpais.pablogentili/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">www.facebook.com/contrapuntos.<wbr>elpais.pablogentili/</a><br>
> <a href="http://www.clacso.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">www.clacso.org</a><br>
><br>
> *CLACSO es una red internacional creada en 1967 con estatus asociativo en<br>
> la UNESCO. Reúne más de 620 centros de investigación y posgrado en ciencias<br>
> sociales y humanidades de 47 países en los cinco continentes.*<br>
><br>
> <a href="http://www.clacso.org.ar/conferencia2018/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">www.clacso.org.ar/<wbr>conferencia2018/</a><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
><br>
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End of P2P-Foundation Digest, Vol 88, Issue 11<br>
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