<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>From: <b class="gmail_sendername">Dante-Gabryell Monson</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:dante.monson@gmail.com">dante.monson@gmail.com</a>></span><br>
Date: Thu, Sep 15, 2011 at 4:59 AM<br>Subject: Bancor - a supranational currency, applied to current context ?<br>To: <a href="mailto:econowmix@googlegroups.com">econowmix@googlegroups.com</a><br><br><br><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor</a></div>
<div><br></div><div><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i>"The Bancor was to be backed by barter and its value expressed in weight of gold. However, this British proposal of introducing a supranational currency could not prevail against the interests of the United States, which at the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference" title="Bretton Woods conference" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Bretton Woods conference</a>�established the U.S. dollar as world key currency."</i></span></div>
<div><br></div><div>Current :�</div><div><br></div><div><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/01/us-russia-putin-usa-idUSTRE77052R20110801" target="_blank">http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/01/us-russia-putin-usa-idUSTRE77052R20110801</a>�</div>
<div><br></div><div><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: arial,helvetica,sans; font-size: 11px; line-height: 17px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mon Aug 1, 2011</span></div>
<div><i>Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin accused the United States Monday of living beyond its means "like a parasite" on the global economy and said dollar dominance was a threat to the financial markets.</i></div>
<div><br></div><div>2009 :�</div><div><a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7857005.stm" target="_blank">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/davos/7857005.stm</a></div><div><i>" Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has told the Davos economic forum it is dangerous for the world to over-rely on the dollar as its reserve currency. "</i></div>
<div><i><br></i></div><div><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/5796892/Russian-President-Dmitry-Medvedev-pulls-new-world-currency-from-his-pocket.html" target="_blank">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/5796892/Russian-President-Dmitry-Medvedev-pulls-new-world-currency-from-his-pocket.html</a></div>
<div><i>" Russia's President, Dmitry Medvedev, pulled the world's new currency from his pocket at the meeting of G8 leaders "</i></div><div><i><br></i></div><div><div style="font-style: normal;"><br>
Recent - 2008 :�</div><div><i>"The Commission of Experts of the President of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System"</i></div><div style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><i><div style="display: inline ! important;">
<span style="font-style: normal; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml</a></span></div>
</i></span></div></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><b><u>Some more historical context ?</u></b><div><br><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor</a><div><br>
</div><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Clearing_Union" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Clearing_Union</a></div>
<div><br></div><div><a href="http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml</a></div><div><br></div><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triffin_dilemma" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triffin_dilemma</a></div>
<div><br></div><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system#Dollar_shortages_and_the_Marshall_Plan" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system#Dollar_shortages_and_the_Marshall_Plan</a></div>
<div><br></div>
<div><br></div><div>///<br><div><br></div><div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor</a></div><div><br></div><div><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">
The�<b>Bancor</b>�was a�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_currency" title="Supranational currency" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">supranational currency</a>�that�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">John Maynard Keynes</a>�conceptualised in the years 1940-42 and which the United Kingdom proposed to introduce after the Second World War. This newly created supranational currency would then be used in international trade as a unit of account within a multilateral barter clearing system � the�<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Clearing_Union" title="International Clearing Union" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">International Clearing Union</a></i>�� which would also have to be founded. The Bancor was to be backed by barter and its value expressed in weight of gold. However, this British proposal of introducing a supranational currency could not prevail against the interests of the United States, which at the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference" title="Bretton Woods conference" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Bretton Woods conference</a>�established the U.S. dollar as world key currency.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">Since the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010" title="Financial crisis of 2007�2010" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008</a>�Keynes's proposal has been revived: In a speech delivered in March 2009 entitled�<i>Reform the International Monetary System</i>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Xiaochuan" title="Zhou Xiaochuan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Zhou Xiaochuan</a>, the governor of the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">People's Bank of China</a>�called Keynes's bancor approach "farsighted" and proposed the adoption of�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">International Monetary Fund</a>�(IMF)<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Drawing_Rights" title="Special Drawing Rights" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Special Drawing Rights</a>�(SDRs) as a global reserve currency as a response to the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932010" title="Financial crisis of 2007�2010" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">financial crisis of 2007�2010</a>. He argued that a national currency was unsuitable as a global reserve currency because of the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triffin_dilemma" title="Triffin dilemma" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Triffin dilemma</a>�- the difficulty faced by reserve currency issuers in trying to simultaneously achieve their domestic monetary policy goals and meet other countries' demand for reserve currency.<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); white-space: nowrap;" target="_blank"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); white-space: nowrap;" target="_blank"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>�A similar analysis can be found in the�<a href="http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); padding-right: 13px;" target="_blank">Report of the United Nation's "Experts on reforms of the international monetary and financial system"</a>�<sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); white-space: nowrap;" target="_blank"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>�as well as in the IMF's study published on April 13, 2010�<a href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/pp/eng/2010/041310.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); padding-right: 18px;" target="_blank">[1]</a><sup style="line-height: 1em; font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); white-space: nowrap;" target="_blank"><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); white-space: nowrap;">[</span><font color="#0645ad"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">4</span></font><span style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); white-space: nowrap;">]</span></a></sup></p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Clearing_Union" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Clearing_Union</a></p></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">
The�<b>International Clearing Union</b>�(ICU) was one of the institutions proposed to be set up at the 1944�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Monetary_and_Financial_Conference" title="United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference</a>�at�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods,_New_Hampshire" title="Bretton Woods, New Hampshire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Bretton Woods, New Hampshire</a>�by�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people" title="British people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">British</a>�economist�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">John Maynard Keynes</a>. Its aim was to have been regulation of currency exchange, a role eventually taken by the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">International Monetary Fund</a>�(IMF).</p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The International Clearing Union (ICU) would be a global bank whose job would be to regulate trade between nations. All international trade would be denominated in its own currency, the proposed�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancor" title="Bancor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">bancor</a>. The bancor was to have had a�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" title="Fixed exchange rate" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">fixed exchange rate</a>�with national currencies, and would have been used to measure the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">balance of trade</a>�between nations. Every good exported would add bancors to a country's account, every good imported would subtract them. Each nation would be�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentives#Incentive_in_economics" title="Incentives" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">incentivized</a>�to keep their bancor balance close to zero. If a nation had too high a bancor surplus the ICU would take a percentage of that surplus and put it into the Clearing Union's<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Reserve Fund</a>; this would encourage nations with surpluses to buy other nations' exports. Nations that imported more than they exported would have their currency depreciated against the Bancor; encouraging other nations to buy their products, and making imports more expensive.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">George Monbiot</a>, a contemporary critic of the IMF, has argued that the ICU's proposed mechanisms would have given greater weight in decision-making to the less-developed countries, which were not then as heavily involved in international trade as they are now.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><br></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">
<br></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">////</p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">
<br></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triffin_dilemma" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triffin_dilemma</a></p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><br></p></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">
The�<b>Triffin dilemma</b>�(or the�<b>Triffin paradox</b>) is a theory that when a national currency also serves as an international�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_currency" title="Reserve currency" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">reserve currency</a>, there could be conflicts of interest between short-term domestic and long-term international economic objectives. This dilemma was first identified by�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Belgian</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">American</a>�economist�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Triffin" title="Robert Triffin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Robert Triffin</a>�in the 1960s, who pointed out that the country whose currency foreign nations wish to hold (the global reserve currency) must be willing to supply the world with an extra supply of its currency to fulfil world demand for this 'reserve' currency (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">foreign exchange reserves</a>) and thus cause a trade deficit.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The use of a national currency as global reserve currency leads to a tension between national monetary policy and global monetary policy. This is reflected in fundamental imbalances in the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments" style="text-decoration: underline; color: rgb(250, 167, 0);" target="_blank">balance of payments</a>, specifically the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_account" title="Current account" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">current account</a>: some goals require an overall flow of dollars�<i>out</i>�of the United States, while others require an overall flow of dollars�<i>in</i>�to the United States. Currency inflows and outflows of equal magnitudes cannot both happen at once.</p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">The Triffin dilemma is usually used to articulate the problems with the US dollar's role as the reserve currency under the�<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173);" target="_blank">Bretton Woods system</a>, or more generally of using any national currency as an international reserve currency.</p>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system#Dollar_shortages_and_the_Marshall_Plan" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system#Dollar_shortages_and_the_Marshall_Plan</a></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;">
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<br></p><p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml" target="_blank">http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/commission/financial_commission.shtml</a></p>
<p style="margin: 0.4em 0px 0.5em; line-height: 1.5em;"><br></p></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h2 style="font-size: 18px; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(4, 27, 102);">
<b>The Commission of Experts of the President of the UN General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System</b></h2><p>Following the break out of the financial crisis that originated, in 2008, in the most advanced countries, and then spread over to the emerging economies and less developed countries, the President of the United Nations General Assembly convened a panel of experts to discuss the large array of issues related to it.</p>
<p>In the same breath, the President of the United Nations General Assembly established a Commission of Experts whose mandate is to reflect on the causes of the crisis, assess impacts on all countries and suggest adequate responses as to avoid its recurrence and restore global economic stability.</p>
<p>The Commission will seek to identify the broad principles underlying needed institutional reforms required to ensure sustained global economic progress and stability which will be of benefit to all countries, developed and less developed. It will suggest a range of credible and feasible proposals for reforming the international monetary and financial system, in the broad interest of the international community, and identify and evaluate the merits and limitations of alternatives that are at the center of current global debate.</p>
<p>The Commission will thus produce a report on recommendations to be considered in the preparatory process leading to the Conference at the highest level on the world financial and economic crisis and its impact on development called for in the final document adopted at Doha in December 2008 (resolution A/RES/63/239).</p>
<p>[<b>Use the menu in the box on the right for more information about the Commission</b>]</p><p style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: bold; background-color: rgb(102, 153, 255); list-style-type: none;">
USEFUL LINKS</p><ul><li><a href="http://www.un.org/ga/econcrisissummit/docs/FinalReport_CoE.pdf" style="color: rgb(61, 88, 140);" target="_blank">Report of the Commission of Experts of the President of the United Nations General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System [PDF]</a>�(21 September 2009)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/interactive/financialcrisis/PreliminaryReport210509.pdf" style="color: rgb(61, 88, 140);" target="_blank">The Preliminary Draft of the Full Report of the Commission of Experts on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System</a>�(21 May 2009)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/letters/recommendationExperts200309.pdf" style="color: rgb(61, 88, 140);" target="_blank">Therecommendations of the Commission of Experts of the President of the General Assembly on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System</a>�(20 March 2009)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/interactive/worldfinancialcrisis.shtml" style="color: rgb(61, 88, 140);" target="_blank">Interactive Thematic Dialogue of the UN General Assembly on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development</a>�(25-27 March 2009)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.un.org/ga/president/63/interactive/gfc.shtml" style="color: rgb(61, 88, 140);" target="_blank">The Interactive Panel of the United Nations General Assembly on the Global Financial Crisis</a>�(30 October 2008)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/doha/index.htm" style="color: rgb(61, 88, 140);" target="_blank">Follow-up International Conference on Financing for Development to Review the Implementation of the Monterrey Consensus will be convened in Doha, Qatar</a>�(29 November- 2 December 2008)</li>
</ul></span></div></div></div></div>
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