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<p align="right" style="font: 16px;">ideas taken over by Biology from Social Science, reverted to Social Science, people forgot what the ideas had originally meant. Thus arose that
monstrosity, sociological Darwinism, which, ending in a romantic glorification of war and murder, was peculiarly responsible for the
overshadowing of liberal ideas and for creating the mental<u>atmosphere which led to the World War and the social</u>struggles of today. </p>
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<p>[206] It is well known that Darwin<u>was under the influence of Malthus’s Essay on the</u>Principle of Population. But Malthus was far from believing struggle to
be a necessary social institution. Even Darwin, when he speaks of the struggle for existence, does not always mean the destructive combat of
living creatures, the life or death struggle for hiding places and females. He often uses the expression figuratively to show the dependence
of living beings on each other and on their surroundings.46 It is a misunderstanding to take the phrase quite literally, for it is a metaphor.
The confusion is worse confounded when people equate the struggle for existence with the war of extermination between human beings, and proceed </p>
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<p align="center" style="font: 9px;">to construct a social theory based on the necessity of struggle. The Malthusian Theory of Population is—what its critics, ignorant of
sociology, always overlook—merely a part of the social theory of Liberalism. Only within such a framework can it be understood. The core of
liberal social theory is the theory of the<i>division of labour. Only side by side</i>with this can one make use of the Law of Population to interpret
social conditions. Society is the union of human beings for<B>the better exploitation</B>of the natural conditions of existence; in its very conception
it abolishes the struggle between human beings and substitutes the mutual aid which provides the essential motive of all members united in an
organism. Within the limits of society there is no struggle, only peace. Every struggle suspends in effect the social community. Society as a whole,
as organism, does fight a struggle for existence against forces inimical to it. But inside, as far as society has absorbed individuals completely,
there is only collaboration. For society is nothing but collaboration. Within modern society even war cannot break all social ties. Some remain,
though loosened, in a war between states which acknowledge the binding force of International Law. Thus a fragment of peace survives even in </p>
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<p align="right" style="font: 9px;">wartime. Private ownership in the means of production is the regulating principle which, within society, balances the limited means of subsistence at
society’s disposal with the less limited ability of the consumers to increase. By making the share in the social product which falls to each
member of society depend on the product economically imputed to him, that is, to his labour and his property, the elimination of surplus human beings
by the struggle for existence, as it rages in the vegetable and animal kingdom, is replaced by a reduction in the birth-rate as a result of social </p>
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<p align="right" style="font: 12px;">forces. “Moral restraint,” the limitations of<U>offspring imposed by social positions, replaces the struggle for existence. In society there is no struggle for existence.</U>It is a grave error to
suppose that the logically developed social theory of liberalism could lead to any other conclusion. Certain isolated phrases in Malthus’s essay, which
might be interpreted otherwise, are easily accounted for by the fact that Malthus composed the original incomplete draft of his famous first work .</p>
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