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<p align="right" style="font: 11px;">with the conclusion reached in the last section. It is that this universal trait of the Metazoa and Metaphyta, must be ascribed to the primitive
action and re-action between the organism and its medium. The operation of those forces which produced the primary differentiation of outer from inner
in early minute mhies of protoplasm, pre-determined<I>this universal cell-structure of all embryos, plant and animal,</I>and the consequent
cell-composition of adult forms arising from them. How unavoidable is this implication, will be seen on carrying further an ilhiration already
used—that of the shingle-covered shore, the pebbles on which, while being in some cases selected, have been in all cases rounded and smoothed.
Suppose a bed of such shingle to be, as we often see it, solidified, along with interfused material, into a conglomerate. What in such case must be
considered as the chief trait of such conglomerate; or rather—what must we regard as the chief cause of its distinctive characters? Evidently the
action of the sea. Without the breakers, no pebbles; without the pebbles, no conglomerate. Similarly then, in the absence of that action of the
medium by which was effected the differentiation of outer from inner in those microscopic portions of protoplasm constituting the earliest and
simplest animals and plants, there could not have existed this cardinal trait of composition which all the higher animals and plants show us. </p>
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<p align="center" style="font: 16px;">So that, active as has been the part played by natural selection, alike in modifying and moulding the original units—largely as survival of the
fittest has been instrumental in furthering and controlling the combination of these units into visible organisms, and eventually into large ones; yet
we must ascribe to the direct effect of the medium on the first forms of life, that character of which this everywhere-operative factor has taken </p>
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<p align="center">advantage. Let us turn now to another and more obvious attribute of higher organisms, for which also there is this same general cause. Let us observe how, on a
higher platform, there recurs this differentiation of outer from inner—how this primary trait in the living units with which life commences, </p>
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<p align="left" style="font: 9px;">re-appears as a primary<i>trait in those aggregates of such units which constitute visible organisms. In its simplest and most unmistakable form, we see this in the early</i>
changes of an unfolding ovum of primitive type. The<i>original fertilized single cell,</i>having by spontaneous fission multiplied into a chier of
such cells,<B>there begins to show itself a contrast between periphery and centre; and presently</B>there is formed a sphere consisting of a superficial
layer unlike its contents. The first change, then, is the rise of a difference between that outer part which holds direct converse with the
surrounding medium, and that inclosed part which does not. This primary differentiation in these compound embryos of higher animals, parallels the </p>
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<p<i>align="right">primary differentiation undergone by the simplest living things. Leaving, for the present,</i>succeeding changes of the compound embryo, the
significance of which we shall have to consider by-and-by, let us phi now to the adult forms of visible plants and animals. In them we find cardinal
traits which, after what we have seen above, will further impress us<I>with the importance</I>of the effects wrought on the organism by its medium. </p>
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<p align="left">From the thallus of a sea-weed up to the leaf of a highly developed phænogam, we find, at all stages, a contrast between the inner and outer .</p>
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