In nineteenth century, a Viennese physician Franz Joseph Galland and his theories gave foundation to phrenology, a defunct field of study, once considered a science, in which conformation of the skull was believed to be indicative of mental faculties and personality, and was used, for example, to justify slavery (remember Django Unchained?).

Now, according to Vocativ, we're faced with a "computer-aided rehash of phrenology, with computer vision and learning algorithms standing in for cranial measurement tools."

Existing face recognition programs and their algorithms can predict whether someone is a “pedophile”, a “terrorist”, or how likely they are to commit a crime. All this based merely on their facial features.

As a result, as Vocativ points out, "those who are already disproportionately targeted by the criminal justice system (...) are again disproportionately branded by the algorithm". In other words, "rather than removing human biases, the algorithm creates a feedback loop that reflects and amplifies them."

Authorities see machine learning systems as useful tools for maintaining homeland security, steadily increasing the use of the facial recognition systems. But the algorithms can also be dangerous. It particular they can be "the perfect weapon for authoritarian leaders because it lets them efficiently and opaquely enforce systems that are already biased against oppositional and marginalized groups".

Comprehensive, yet easy-to-read article investigates human impacts of big data and seeks ways to make the algorithms more ethical. It's not just my recommendation - Vocative journalists use data-mining technology to find story leads and angles, so let's assume they know what they're doing.